{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:34:43Z","timestamp":1793504083079,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23KK0171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23KK0171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira, prevalent in tropical\/sub-tropical regions. This study aimed to clarify the prevailing leptospiral species, clinical features, and risk factors of leptospirosis in north-central Bangladesh in 2024. Venous blood and urine samples were collected from 117 patients with clinically suspected leptospirosis. Among these cases, 75 (64%) tested positive for Leptospira infection by IgM ELISA test and\/or PCR. By phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, all the samples tested were classified into L. wolffii (pathogenic group P2), showing high sequence identity to those of the type strain Khorat-H2 (97\u201399%) and L. wolffii reported in Bangladesh previously. Confirmed leptospirosis patients were mostly male (93%), aged 15\u201360 years (93%), living in rural areas in low socioeconomic conditions. Variable symptoms were presented by patients, with jaundice (84%), nausea\/vomiting (84%), and myalgia (67%) being common. Some patients showed severe symptoms involving the nervous system (disorientation and neck stiffness) and the respiratory tract (cough, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis). Major risk factors for leptospirosis were exposures to mud\/wet soil, sanding water, heavy rain, working in a paddy field, and cattle. In conclusion, L. wolffii was revealed to be circulating endemically in north-central Bangladesh, since its first detection in 2018, associated with variable and severe clinical symptoms in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10100290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1760420901000},"page":"290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Endemicity, Clinical Features, Risk Factors, and the Potential for Severe Infection in Leptospira wolffii-Associated Leptospirosis in North-Central Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sheikh Anika","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazia","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyamal Kumar","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, International Medical College, Gazipur 2000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8402-5349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiji Soe","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Rafiul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5586-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh Nayeem","family":"Niaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arup","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Anjuman","family":"Nasreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosammat Rezaun","family":"Nahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8644-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultana Jahan","family":"Tuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parsa Irin","family":"Disha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Shafiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7406-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santana Rani","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Netrokona Medical College, Netrokona 2400, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0146-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobumichi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.011","article-title":"The globalization of leptospirosis: Worldwide incidence trends","volume":"12","author":"Pappas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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