{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:50:45Z","timestamp":1787784645017,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease of medical and veterinary importance caused by Cryptosporidium spp. This study conducted a systematic review to assess the occurrence and distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans in Brazil, with emphasis on C. parvum. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol and using five databases, 3689 articles were screened, and 48 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were concentrated in the Southeast Region, particularly S\u00e3o Paulo, while major gaps were identified in the North and Midwest Regions. The mean prevalence was 8.9% using direct methods and 52.2% using indirect methods, with the highest positivity reported in the Northeast Region. Microscopy was the most frequently employed diagnostic tool, although it showed limited ability to differentiate species. When combined with molecular approaches, C. parvum and C. hominis were identified as the predominant species. Infection was most common among children and immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV and kidney diseases. Overall, the findings highlight substantial research gaps regarding cryptosporidiosis in Brazil and its disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations. Expanding regional studies, integrating molecular methods for species characterization, and implementing targeted public health strategies are essential to improve epidemiological knowledge and guide prevention and control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10110313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:00:33Z","timestamp":1762178433000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Brazil: A Systematic Review Highlighting Cryptosporidium parvum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Victor In\u00e1cio","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Welit\u00e2nia In\u00e1cia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1616-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bas\u00edlio Felizardo","family":"Lima Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2762-6383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais Ferreira","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Institute of Para\u00edba\u2014IFPB, Sousa 58805-345, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9891-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Longo Ribeiro","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande\u2014UFCG, Patos 58055-018, PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Institute of Para\u00edba\u2014IFPB, Sousa 58805-345, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00019","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Gerace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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