{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:28:27Z","timestamp":1762925307693,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KR 3615\/1\u20131","HO 2009\/11\u20131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 3615\/1\u20131","HO 2009\/11\u20131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Ministry of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KA2222A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KA2222A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTU 03.815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 03.815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We previously described an increased incidence of HIV among individuals infected with Wuchereria bancrofti (WB). However, no host, parasite, or viral factors were reported as directly associated with the increase in HIV incidence in this group. To investigate this, we compared T cell phenotypes between WB+ and WB\u2212 women. Flow cytometry analysis of activation and differentiation markers on CD4 T cells, as well as HIV entry receptor CCR5 was performed on cervical and peripheral blood samples from 54 women living without HIV (WLWoH). Additionally, HPV testing was performed on their specimens and for 13 WLWH. WB infection was associated with a significantly increased frequency of CD3+\u03b3\u03b42+ T cells in the cervical mucosa (median 4.0% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.012). Contrary to our expectations, we found lower frequencies of CCR5 on total, memory and activated memory CD4 T cells in the WB+ group. However, differences diminished after accounting for age and site of recruitment. WB and HIV infections were associated with an increased likelihood of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) positivity. (WB status: odds ratio (OR) 4.1, p = 0.066; HIV status: OR 5.5, p = 0.068). Our findings suggest immunological mechanisms by which WB increases the risk for other infections, e.g., HIV and HR HPV, albeit independent of the CCR5 receptor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10110317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T11:47:27Z","timestamp":1762775247000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Wuchereria bancrofti Infection on Cervical Mucosal Immunity and Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in Women from Lindi and Mbeya Regions, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maureen","family":"Mosoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Health, LMU University Hospital, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3604-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Marandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"},{"name":"Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Maganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacklina","family":"Mhidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anifrid","family":"Mahenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mnkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agatha","family":"Urio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nhamo","family":"Chiwarengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liset","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"},{"name":"Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya P.O. Box 419, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winfrida","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Headquarters, Dar es Salaam 11101, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9357-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah","family":"Ngenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Headquarters, Dar es Salaam 11101, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akili","family":"Kalinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Headquarters, Dar es Salaam 11101, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Upendo J.","family":"Mwingira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Washington, DC 20005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7965-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sacha","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Geldmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), 80799 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7642-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hoelscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Health, LMU University Hospital, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), 80799 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Unit Global Health, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2196-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mkunde","family":"Chachage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Medical Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"},{"name":"Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6949-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Kroidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Health, LMU University Hospital, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000500005","article-title":"Bloodmeal Microfilariae Density and the Uptake and Establishment of Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti","volume":"94","author":"Albuquerque","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. 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