{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:15:33Z","timestamp":1790190933080,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012046","name":"Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NCXS.01.03\/23-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCXS.01.03\/23-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although antivenom is the standard treatment for snakebite envenoming, its efficacy may be impacted by geographic variation in venom composition, emphasizing the need for region-specific antivenom development. Methods: We report a case of snakebite envenoming, in which the patient was bitten on the hand by a captive Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) with typical clinical manifestations following. Antivenom (produced in Thailand) was administered at 33 and 39 h post-bite. Venom from the causative individual snake was collected for compositional analysis via SDS-PAGE. Enzymatic activity of the venom was evaluated through the degradation of casein and phospholipid substrates, along with the assessment of enzymatic inhibition by two regionally specific antivenoms produced in Vietnam (AV. Cr. VN.) and Thailand (AV. Cr. TL.). Results: The patient showed good recovery, with complete normalization by day 7. SDS-PAGE profiling of the venom revealed five major enzymes, with SVSP, SVMP and PLA2 being the most abundant (16.7%, 40.11% and 26.11%, respectively). Antivenom inhibition tests revealed remaining casein percentages of 67.43% (AV. Cr. VN) and 59.35% (AV. Cr. TL). Blood agar assays indicated that phospholipase activity was reduced to 21.01% by AV. Cr. VN. and 23.30% by AV. Cr. TL. Conclusions: Our results show that the Vietnamese antivenom generated greater inhibitory activity against proteinases compared to the Thai product, underscoring the importance of using regionally specific antivenoms that are more effective against the venom profiles of locality-matched snake populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10120331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T08:50:20Z","timestamp":1764060620000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of Efficacy Variation in Antivenoms: Insights from a Malayan Pit Viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) Bite in Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Thuan Quang","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control Center, Bach Mai Hospital, 78 Giai Phong Street, Phuong Mai Ward, Dong Da District, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Trung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control Center, Bach Mai Hospital, 78 Giai Phong Street, Phuong Mai Ward, Dong Da District, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Bao","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Falculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh Bao","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Falculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhan Thanh","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Falculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhan Sy Pham","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 108 Military Central Hospital, 1 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil R.","family":"Balchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1416-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Choo Hock","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thai Huu","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals, Nha Trang 57106, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6284-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang Huy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5640-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao Thien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018, October 26). 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