{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T16:13:56Z","timestamp":1764692036471,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi continues to circulate within Northern and Central Thailand and Southern Thailand, respectively. Major clinical presentations comprise lymphedema of extremities, hydrocele, funiculitis, orchitis, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Microfilaria in other organs is rare. We report an unusual case of a 48-year-old woman from Southern Thailand with parotid filariasis presenting with chronic parotid gland enlargement. Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria was observed within cytologic smear samples from the swollen left parotid gland and subsequently confirmed via a positive filaria immunoblot. The patient\u2019s condition was successfully resolved through administration of a triple regimen consisting of three antiparasitic medications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10120340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1764689506000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Unusual Presentation of Human Parotid Filariasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0253-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanaya","family":"Siripoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suppachok","family":"Kirdlarp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramathibodi Medical School, Chakrinaruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polrat","family":"Wilairatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viravarn","family":"Luvira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prakaykaew","family":"Charunwatthana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parnpen","family":"Viriyavejakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paron","family":"Dekumyoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, September 30). 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Poverty"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0549-1","article-title":"How Thailand eliminated lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem","volume":"8","author":"Rojanapanus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Department of Disease Control (2025, October 13). Filariasis, Available online: https:\/\/www.ddc.moph.go.th\/disease_detail.php?d=85."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz671","article-title":"The Health and Economic Burdens of Lymphatic Filariasis Prior to Mass Drug Administration Programs","volume":"70","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasconez-Gonzalez, J., Mi\u00f1o, C., Noboa, M.d.L., Tello-De-la-Torre, A., Izquierdo-Condoy, J.S., and Ortiz-Prado, E. (2025). 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Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.71833","article-title":"Microfilaria in malignant pleural effusion: An unusual association","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.752-765","article-title":"Emergence of zoonotic Brugia pahangi parasite in Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Bhumiratana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"299","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs and cats in Songkhla and Satun provinces, Thailand","volume":"51","author":"Kamyingkird","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Nat. Resour."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/12\/340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T16:11:51Z","timestamp":1764691911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/12\/340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed10120340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10120340","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}