{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:32:04Z","timestamp":1792801924284,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Luxembourg government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apart from some information on dengue virus (DENV), there is limited data on the circulation of arboviruses in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to investigate antibody prevalence against six arboviruses in four regions of the country to document previous virus exposure. Serum samples collected between August 2018 and December 2022 from people infected with viral hepatitis B and C in Bobo-Dioulasso were used to detect IgG antibodies against DENV, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Yellow fever virus (YFV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) using commercial ELISA kits. A total of 1808 serum samples, accompanied by basic epidemiologic data (sex, age and residency) were included in this study. We observed an IgG antibodies seroprevalence of 75.4% for DENV, 30.8% for CHIKV, 2.9% for ZIKV, 1.2% for RVFV, 1.1% for CCHFV and 1.1% for YFV. Age, sex, and place of residence were significantly associated with seropositivity for DENV and age and sex with CHIKV seropositivity. The results suggested widespread circulation of DENV and CHIKV and possible circulation of CCHFV and RVFV in humans in Burkina Faso. The importance of strengthening arbovirus surveillance by including additional arboviruses in the diagnostic panel is emphasized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10120345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T15:50:02Z","timestamp":1765295402000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Serologic Evidence of Circulation of Six Arboviruses (Dengue Virus, Chikungunya Virus, Zika Virus, Rift Valley Virus, Yellow Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus) in Four Regions of Burkina Faso, West Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4969-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armel Moumouni","family":"Sanou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Parasitaires (LR-MIP), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5041-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achille Sindimbasba","family":"Niki\u00e9ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Parasitaires (LR-MIP), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Sausy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeoffray","family":"Diend\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche en Sant\u00e9 Publique et Nutrition (LR-SPN), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0029-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathuola Nina Gen\u00e9vi\u00e8ve","family":"Ouattara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Parasitaires (LR-MIP), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arielle Bettina Sandra","family":"Badiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Parasitaires (LR-MIP), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isidore","family":"Bonkoungou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Epidemiology and Monitoring of Bacteria and Viruses Transmitted by Food (LaBESTA), University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri Gautier","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Parasitaires (LR-MIP), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7192, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5001-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith M.","family":"H\u00fcbschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.5623","article-title":"Seroprevalence of arboviruses in Ecuador: Implications for improved surveillance","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2020.02.004","article-title":"Influence of herd immunity in the cyclical nature of arboviruses","volume":"40","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04901-4","article-title":"Prevalence of arbovirus antibodies in young healthy adult population in Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Salgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ushijima, Y., Abe, H., Ondo, G.N., Bikangui, R., Loemb\u00e9, M.M., Zadeh, V.R., Essimengane, J.G.E., Mbouna, A.V.N., Bache, E.B., and Agnandji, S.T. (2021). Surveillance of the major pathogenic arboviruses of public health concern in Gabon, Central Africa: Increased risk of West Nile virus and dengue virus infections. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05960-9"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritzell, C., Rousset, D., Adde, A., Kazanji, M., Van Kerkhove, M.D., and Flamand, C. (2018). Current challenges and implications for dengue, chikungunya and Zika seroprevalence studies worldwide: A scoping review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006533"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.06.001","article-title":"Emerging arboviruses: Why today?","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"2017","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marb\u00e1n-Castro, E., Arrieta, G.J., Mart\u00ednez, M.J., Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Bardaj\u00ed, A., Men\u00e9ndez, C., and Mattar, S. (2020). High Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Arboviruses among Pregnant Women in Rural Caribbean Colombia in the Context of the Zika Virus Epidemic. Antibodies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib9040056"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J.K., Lim, J.K., Seydou, Y., Carabali, M., Barro, A., Dahourou, D.L., Lee, K.S., Nikiema, T., Namkung, S., and Lee, J.-S. (2019). Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics associated with dengue during and outside the 2016 outbreak identified in health facility-based surveillance in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007882"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2016.9.30904","article-title":"Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya: Emerging Arboviruses in the New World","volume":"17","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Lima Cavalcanti, T.Y.V., Pereira, M.R., De Paula, S.O., and Franca, R.F.D.O. (2022). A Review on Chikungunya Virus Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Current Vaccine Development. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050969"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"ECDE (2024, June 25). Chikungunya Virus Disease\u2014Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/chikungunya-virus-disease-annual-epidemiological-report-2022."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3354-z","article-title":"Zika virus: Epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and control of infection","volume":"37","author":"Karkhah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0614-8","article-title":"Zika virus outbreak: A review of neurological complications, diagnosis, and treatment options","volume":"24","author":"Koppolu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WHO (2024, June 25). Yellow Fever\u2014African Region (AFRO). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2024-DON510."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru092","article-title":"The whole iceberg: Estimating the incidence of yellow fever virus infection from the number of severe cases","volume":"108","author":"Johansson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00827-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00827-18","article-title":"Yellow Fever Virus: Diagnostics for a Persistent Arboviral Threat","volume":"56","author":"Waggoner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001296","article-title":"Rift Valley fever: Biology and epidemiology","volume":"100","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/v3050493","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever","volume":"3","author":"Ikegami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1086\/378747","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever Epidemic in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics","volume":"37","author":"Madani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.57","article-title":"Has Rift Valley fever virus evolved with increasing severity in human populations in East Africa?","volume":"5","author":"Baba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101871","article-title":"The emerging tick-borne Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: A narrative review","volume":"37","author":"Serretiell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.11.019","article-title":"Second International Conference on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"150","author":"Spengler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00871-9","article-title":"Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"21","author":"Hawman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05208-8","article-title":"Ticks and prevalence of tick-borne pathogens from domestic animals in Ghana","volume":"15","author":"Mosore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231181356","article-title":"Analysis of dengue fever disease in West Africa","volume":"248","author":"Gyasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"101","article-title":"Outbreak of dengue fever in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2013","volume":"2","author":"Tarnagda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2401.170973","article-title":"Dengue Fever in Burkina Faso, 2016","volume":"24","author":"Tarnagda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04389","article-title":"The epidemiology of dengue outbreaks in 2016 and 2017 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","volume":"6","author":"Im","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac246","article-title":"Seroepidemiological Reconstruction of Long-term Chikungunya Virus Circulation in Burkina Faso and Gabon","volume":"227","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tinto, B., Kabor\u00e9, D.A., Kania, D., Kagon\u00e9, T.S., Kiba-Koumar\u00e9, A., Pinceloup, L., Thaurignac, G., de Perre, P.V., Dabire, R.K., and Baldet, T. (2022). Serological Evidence of Zika Virus Circulation in Burkina Faso. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070741"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-009-0032-5","article-title":"\u00ab Situation \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique de la fi\u00e8vre jaune au Burkina Faso de 2003 \u00e0 2008","volume":"103","author":"Yaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.191650","article-title":"Estimating the Force of Infection for Dengue Virus Using Repeated Serosurveys, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouattara, C.A., Traore, S., Sangare, I., Traore, T.I., Meda, Z.C., and Savadogo, L.G.B. (2022). Spatiotemporal analysis of dengue fever in Burkina Faso from 2016 to 2019. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12820-x"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0120-2","article-title":"Presence of three dengue serotypes in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): Research and public health implications","volume":"5","author":"Ridde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2022007","article-title":"Circulation du virus de la dengue en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest: Une probl\u00e9matique \u00e9mergente de sant\u00e9 publique","volume":"38","author":"Tinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine\/Sciences"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hien, A.S., Sangare, I., Ouattara, E.L.P., Sawadogo, S.P., Soma, D.D., Maiga, H., Diabate, A., Bonnet, E., Ridde, V., and Fournet, F. (2022). Chikungunya (Togaviridae) and dengue 2 (Flaviviridae) viruses detected from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Burkina Faso by qRT-PCR technique: Preliminary results and perspective for molecular characterization of arbovirus circulation in vector populations. Front. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.920224"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1322","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1322","article-title":"Serological evidence and factors associated with Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever in sheep in Burkina Faso","volume":"10","author":"Dahourou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukbuk, D.N., Dowall, S.D., Lewandowski, K., Bosworth, A., Baba, S.S., Varghese, A., Watson, R.J., Bell, A., Atkinson, B., and Hewson, R. (2016). Serological and Virological Evidence of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Circulation in the Human Population of Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005126"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Ghassem, A., Apolloni, A., Vial, L., Bouvier, R., Bernard, C., Khayar, M.S., Ahmed, M.C., Fausther-Bovendo, H., Beyit, A.D., and Yahya, B. (2023). Risk factors associated with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus circulation among human, livestock and ticks in Mauritania through a one health retrospective study. BMC Infect. Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08779-8"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2023.03.016","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus in human population in Senegal from October to November 2020","volume":"7","author":"Sankhe","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJID Reg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.10.010","article-title":"Serologic evidence of exposure to Rift Valley fever virus detected in Tunisia","volume":"9","author":"Bosworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0977-8","article-title":"Serological evidence of rift valley fever Phlebovirus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus infections among pygmies in the east region of Cameroon","volume":"15","author":"Wansi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9riss\u00e9, A.R.S., Souza-Santos, R., Duarte, R., Santos, F., de Andrade, C.R., Rodrigues, N.C.P., Schramm, J.M.D.A., da Silva, E.D., Jacobson, L.D.S.V., and Lemos, M.C.F. (2020). Zika, dengue and chikungunya population prevalence in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, and the importance of seroprevalence studies to estimate the real number of infected individuals. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243239"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sissoko, D., Moendandze, A., Malvy, D., Giry, C., Ezzedine, K., Solet, J.L., and Pierre, V. (2008). Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Mayotte, Indian Ocean, 2005-2006: A Population-Based Survey. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003066"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.485","article-title":"Risk Factors for Dengue Virus Infection in Rural Amazonia: Population-based Cross-sectional Surveys","volume":"79","author":"Muniz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2013.07.008","article-title":"Factors associated with dengue fever IgG sero-prevalence in South Kordofan State, Sudan, in 2012: Reporting prevalence ratios","volume":"7","author":"Soghaier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv470","article-title":"Reconstruction of 60 Years of Chikungunya Epidemiology in the Philippines Demonstrates Episodic and Focal Transmission","volume":"213","author":"Salje","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, K.R., Chan, K.R., Ismail, A.A., Thergarajan, G., Raju, C.S., Yam, H.C., Rishya, M., and Sekaran, S.D. (2022). Serological cross-reactivity among common flaviviruses. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.975398"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, P.G., Reis, J.A.S.D., Rodrigues, M.N., Da Silva Ardaya, Q., and Mesquita, J.R. (2023). Serological Cross-Reactivity in Zoonotic Flaviviral Infections of Medical Importance. Antibodies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12010018"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S336351","article-title":"Magnitude of Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Medically Important Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Endale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01647-7","article-title":"Reactivity of serum samples from patients with a flavivirus infection measured by immunofluorescence assay and ELISA","volume":"4","author":"Koraka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.023","article-title":"Evaluation of serological cross-reactivity between yellow fever and other flaviviruses","volume":"81","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kam, Y.-W., Pok, K.-Y., Eng, K.E., Tan, L.-K., Kaur, S., Lee, W.W.L., Leo, Y.-S., Ng, L.-C., and Ng, L.F.P. (2015). Sero-Prevalence and Cross-Reactivity of Chikungunya Virus Specific Anti-E2EP3 Antibodies in Arbovirus-Infected Patients. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003445"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/12\/345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T15:56:14Z","timestamp":1765295774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/12\/345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed10120345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10120345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]}}}