{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:25:33Z","timestamp":1765862733787,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016837","name":"Universidad del Quind\u00edo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1205 Convocatoria 014-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1205 Convocatoria 014-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022965","name":"MINCIENCIAS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Call 909 of 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Call 909 of 2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013409","name":"Sistema General de Regalias de Colombia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BPIN 2020000100077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPIN 2020000100077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concurrent evaluation of the antiparasitic efficacy of synthetic and natural compounds can provide novel insights into the development of anti-Toxoplasma drugs. We assessed 16 synthetic compounds and two fractions derived from the leaves of Tabebuia rosea and Tabebuia chrysantha tree species for their in vitro activity against live parasites, employing strains that express green fluorescent protein and specific identification of bradyzoites using an anti-BAG1 monoclonal antibody. This study successfully identified several promising synthetic compounds with potent anti-Toxoplasma activity and favorable in vitro selectivity profiles, notably pyrazoline 2 and thiazolidinone 9. One thiazolidinone compound exhibited significant activity against extracellular tachyzoites, whereas one tree fraction demonstrated excellent activity against both tachyzoites and bradyzoites. Additionally, their in silico ADMET properties suggest their potential for good in vivo performance and CNS penetration. Although the natural extracts showed less potency in their crude form, they provide a basis for future purification efforts. The simultaneous evaluation of compounds sourced from diverse discovery pipelines can offer valuable insights into the development of drugs that target various biological pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10120349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T10:11:23Z","timestamp":1765793483000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Concurrent Assessment of Synthetic and Natural Compounds on the Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii in In Vitro Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Zamora-V\u00e9lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPAMOL (Grupo de Estudio en Parasitologia Molecular), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derly Lorena","family":"Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPAMOL (Grupo de Estudio en Parasitologia Molecular), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Camila","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPAMOL (Grupo de Estudio en Parasitologia Molecular), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8737-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GICOC (Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Compuestos Organomet\u00e1licos y Cat\u00e1lisis), Programa de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwar","family":"Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIPRONUT (Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Productos Naturales), Programa de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagu\u00e9 730002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-5556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ailan Farid","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPAMOL (Grupo de Estudio en Parasitologia Molecular), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6967-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPAMOL (Grupo de Estudio en Parasitologia Molecular), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Palacio-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPAMOL (Grupo de Estudio en Parasitologia Molecular), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9189-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan David","family":"Valencia-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPAMOL (Grupo de Estudio en Parasitologia Molecular), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luz Angela","family":"Veloza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Polifenoles, Facultad de Tecnolog\u00eda, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Sep\u00falveda-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Infecci\u00f3n e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6472-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Enrique","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPAMOL (Grupo de Estudio en Parasitologia Molecular), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Quind\u00edo, Armenia 630004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99967-0.00132-0","article-title":"Protozoan Diseases: Toxoplasmosis","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Mandelbrot","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Encyclopedia of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_753_20","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection: An Umbrella Review of Updated Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses","volume":"9","author":"Rahmanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-17","article-title":"Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Historical Perspective, Animal Models, and Current Clinical Practice","volume":"31","author":"Dunay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001120","article-title":"Treatment of Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Safety of the Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Combination in Children Based on a Method of Causality Assessment","volume":"35","author":"Teil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29179","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29179","article-title":"New Paradigms for Understanding and Step Changes in Treating Active and Chronic, Persistent Apicomplexan Infections","volume":"6","author":"McPhillie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01176-16","article-title":"Review of Experimental Compounds Demonstrating Anti-Toxoplasma Activity","volume":"60","author":"McFarland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montazeri, M., Sharif, M., Sarvi, S., Mehrzadi, S., Ahmadpour, E., and Daryani, A. (2017). A Systematic Review of in Vitro and in Vivo Activities of Anti-Toxoplasma Drugs and Compounds (2006\u20132016). Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00025"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2021.05.004","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of New 4-Thiazolidinones on Invasion and Growth of Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"16","author":"Molina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardona-Trujillo, M.C., Jim\u00e9nez-Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Veloza, L.A., and Sep\u00falveda-Arias, J.C. (2024). In Vitro Anti-Toxoplasma Activity of Extracts Obtained from Tabebuia Rosea and Tabebuia Chrysantha: The Role of \u03b2-Amyrin. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29050920"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2007.03.030","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Thiazolyl and Thiadiazolyl Derivatives of 1H-Pyrazole as Anti-Inflammatory Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"43","author":"Bekhit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.09.035","article-title":"Recently Reported Biological Activities of Pyrazole Compounds","volume":"25","author":"Faria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.5b00319","article-title":"SAR Studies of 5-Aminopyrazole-4-Carboxamide Analogues as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Toxoplasma Gondii CDPK1","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya, A., Quiroga, J., Abonia, R., Derita, M., Sortino, M., Ornelas, A., Zacchino, S., and Insuasty, B. (2016). Hybrid Molecules Containing a 7-Chloro-4-Aminoquinoline Nucleus and a Substituted 2-Pyrazoline with Antiproliferative and Antifungal Activity. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21080969"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.02.040","article-title":"An Efficient Synthesis of New Caffeine-Based Chalcones, Pyrazolines and Pyrazolo [3,4-b][1,4]Diazepines as Potential Antimalarial, Antitrypanosomal and Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"93","author":"Insuasty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.06.049","article-title":"Synthesis of Novel Analogs of 2-Pyrazoline Obtained from [(7-Chloroquinolin-4-Yl)Amino]Chalcones and Hydrazine as Potential Antitumor and Antimalarial Agents","volume":"67","author":"Insuasty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00360","article-title":"A Perspective on Thiazolidinone Scaffold Development as a New Therapeutic Strategy for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"8","author":"Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzitko, K., Kapro\u0144, B., Paneth, A., Bekier, A., Plech, T., Paneth, P., and Trotsko, N. (2023). TZD-Based Hybrid Molecules Act as Dual Anti- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032069"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00104","article-title":"PkCSM: Predicting Small-Molecule Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Properties Using Graph-Based Signatures","volume":"58","author":"Pires","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9857-9_15","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii: Bradyzoite Differentiation In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"2071","author":"Mayoral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPhillie, M.J., Zhou, Y., Hickman, M.R., Gordon, J.A., Weber, C.R., Li, Q., Lee, P.J., Amporndanai, K., Johnson, R.M., and Darby, H. (2020). Potent Tetrahydroquinolone Eliminates Apicomplexan Parasites. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00203"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomita, T., Bzik, D.J., Ma, Y.F., Fox, B.A., Markillie, L.M., Taylor, R.C., Kim, K., and Weiss, L.M. (2013). The Toxoplasma Gondii Cyst Wall Protein CST1 Is Critical for Cyst Wall Integrity and Promotes Bradyzoite Persistence. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003823"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.08.046","article-title":"Design, Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Thiazolidin-4-One Derivatives as Promising Inhibitors of Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"86","author":"Bizzarri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina, D., Cossio-P\u00e9rez, R., Rocha-Roa, C., Pedraza, L., Cortes, E., Hern\u00e1ndez, A., and G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn, J.E. (2018). Protein Targets of Thiazolidinone Derivatives in Toxoplasma Gondii and Insights into Their Binding to ROP18. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5223-7"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2009005000038","article-title":"Anti-Parasitic Action and Elimination of Intracellular Toxoplasma Gondii in the Presence of Novel Thiosemicarbazone and Its 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives","volume":"43","author":"Carvalho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X10666150410120321","article-title":"Anti-Toxoplasma Activity of Natural Products: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Veloza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recent. Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103046","article-title":"Genus Tabebuia: A Comprehensive Review Journey from Past Achievements to Future Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Taher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2022008","article-title":"Anti- Toxoplasma Gondii Effect of Lupane-Type Triterpenes from the Bark of Black Alder (Alnus Glutinosa) and Identification of a Potential Target by Reverse Docking","volume":"29","author":"Darme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.09.007","article-title":"New Clinical and Experimental Insights into Old World and Neotropical Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"44","author":"Pfaff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/12\/349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:21:33Z","timestamp":1765862493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/12\/349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed10120349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10120349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2414-6366"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]}}}