{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:24:27Z","timestamp":1766996667648,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, and the WHO central Africa region continues to bear the heaviest disease burden. Gabon is one of the high-TB-burden countries in the world; however, its national TB program performance remains weak despite financial support from international health agencies. Identifying and mapping high-TB- and multi-drug-resistant-TB (MDR-TB)-burden areas for targeted public health interventions was the objective of this study. Methods: A region-wide mixed method study was carried out, comprising ecological design and a desk review, with the use of medical records from TB diagnosis and care units in 12 health facilities located across the capital Libreville, Republic of Gabon, from 1 January through December 2022. Libreville is the region that bears the heaviest TB burden in Gabon. With the collaboration of the Agency for Space Studies and Observations (AGEOS, Gabon), collected data were transferred to and analyzed using QGIS software in order to develop satellite images. Results: In the Libreville health region, there were 4560 cases diagnosed in 2022, representing 77.9% of all cases in the country, with an annual incidence of 509 per 100,000. Spatial mapping of incident cases by county of residence showed that a large majority of the TB cases diagnosed at the CHUL care center in 2022 were from Nzeng-Ayong (range: 36\u201350 cases) and Owendo (26\u201335 cases), whereas higher TB incidence at the Nkembo care center was from Nzeng-Ayong (range: 356\u2013455 cases) and Owendo (256\u2013355 cases), followed by Nkembo, Akebe ville, Akebe Baraka, Akebe Plaine\/plateau, Angondje, Angondje village, Charbonnages, Bikele, Pk11, Pk12, Pk9, Mindoube I, Mindoube II (66\u2013255 cases), Sotega, and Nkok (46\u201365 cases). Other counties accounted for less than 45 TB cases. Considering MDR-TB cases, higher incidence was observed in Pk9 county, which accounted for six cases (14.6%), followed by Owendo, accounting for four (9.7%). Discussion: Findings suggest that Nzeng-Ayong and Owendo are high-TB-burden counties in Libreville, whereas Pk9 and Owendo counties are counties categorized as high-MDR-TB-incidence areas. They should be subject to targeted to public health interventions to enhance TB control in Libreville.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1766994779000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence and Spatial Mapping of Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Libreville, Republic of Gabon, in 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5185-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casimir","family":"Manzengo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO)-Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou BP 7019, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nlandu Roger","family":"Ngatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0701, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2697-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stredice","family":"Manguinga-Guitouka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National Tuberculose (PNT), Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Libreville BP 50, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1341-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fleur","family":"Lignenguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National Tuberculose (PNT), Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Libreville BP 50, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5554-3165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghislaine","family":"Nkone-Asseko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO)-Gabon, Libreville BP 820, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Nsimba-Miezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 212, Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Miyatake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0701, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Lami-Nzunzu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 212, Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9824-565X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Hirao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0701, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31882-3","article-title":"Management of drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"394","author":"Lange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, November 11). Global Tuberculosis Report 2023. 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Antimicrob."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:23:08Z","timestamp":1766996588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed11010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed11010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]}}}