{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:13:47Z","timestamp":1789384427507,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Malaria remains a major public health concern in Africa, due to the persistence of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes that sustain transmission post treatment. This study evaluated the effects of artemether\u2013lumefantrine (AL) alone compared with AL combined with a single low-dose of primaquine (SLD-PQ) on gametocyte clearance and infectivity to Anopheles arabiensis post treatment. Methods: A prospective cohort and entomological study were conducted from January to September 2025 in Northwest Ethiopia. Ninety-six microscopically confirmed cases of P. falciparum gametocytemia mono-infection were proportionally assigned to both treatment groups. Follow-up assessments were conducted on days 3, 7, 14, and 28, and mixed-species infections were assessed using molecular diagnostic assays. Additionally, membrane feeding assays (MFAs) were performed to evaluate mosquito infectivity post treatment. Results: Gametocyte prevalence declined faster with AL + SLD-PQ (15.2% on day 3; 0% by day 7) compared to AL alone (28.9% on day 3: p = 0.001; 12.2% by day 7: p = 0.033). Higher baseline gametocyte density strongly predicted mosquito infection (95% in high vs. 59% moderate and 33% low). On day 3 post treatment, 28.6% of cases treated with AL only showed confirmed mosquito infection, compared to 6.8% in the AL + SLD-PQ group (p = 0.001). By day 7, 7.3% of cases remained infectious in the AL-only group, while none were detected in the AL+ SLD-PQ group (p = 0.01). Conclusions: High baseline gametocyte density strongly correlated with increased infectivity. Adding SLD-PQ markedly accelerates gametocyte clearance and completely blocks post-treatment transmission. Submicroscopic gametocytemia contributed to residual transmission in the AL-only group. Incorporation of SLD-PQ alongside AL, in line with WHO recommendations, is advised to enhance post-treatment transmission blocking, with continued surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:11:21Z","timestamp":1767870681000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Artemether\u2013Lumefantrine Combined with a Single Dose of Primaquine on Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Clearance and Post-Treatment Infectivity to Anopheles arabiensis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awoke","family":"Minwuyelet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delenasaw","family":"Yewhalaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 5195, Ethiopia"},{"name":"School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5098-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Petronio Petronio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cVincenzo Tiberio\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-4597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Di Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0955-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getnet","family":"Atenafu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024). World Malaria Report 2024: Addressing Inequity in the Global Malaria Response, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2024."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2025). World Malaria Report 2025: Addressing the Threat of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2025."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, B.P., Tiono, A.B., Ou\u00e9draogo, A., Guelb\u00e9ogo, W.M., Bradley, J., Nebie, I., Siaka, D., Lanke, K., Eziefula, A.C., and Diarra, A. (2016). Single low dose primaquine to reduce gametocyte carriage and Plasmodium falciparum transmission after artemether-lumefantrine in children with asymptomatic infection: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0581-y"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101746","article-title":"Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa","volume":"385","author":"Balikagala","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05393-8","article-title":"Efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) diagnosed with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa: A WWARN systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Takyi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Report on Antimalarial Drug Efficacy, Resistance and Response: 10 Years of Surveillance (2010\u20132019), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30261-0","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: The calm before the storm?","volume":"19","author":"Conrad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu141","article-title":"Comparative impacts over 5 years of artemisinin-based combination therapies on Plasmodium falciparum polymorphisms that modulate drug sensitivity in Ugandan children","volume":"210","author":"Conrad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu286","article-title":"Artemisinin-based combination therapies are efficacious and safe for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in HIV-infected Ugandan children","volume":"59","author":"Kakuru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00228-2","article-title":"Current status of malaria control and elimination in Africa: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, progress and challenges","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200847020-00002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of artemisinin-based combination therapies","volume":"47","author":"Aweeka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00023-5","article-title":"Artemether\u2013lumefantrine with or without single-dose primaquine and sulfadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine with or without single-dose tafenoquine to reduce Plasmodium falciparum transmission: A phase 2, single-blind, randomised clinical trial in Ouelessebougou, Mali","volume":"5","author":"Mahamar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3032-3","article-title":"Gametocyte clearance in children, from western Kenya, with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria after artemether\u2013lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine treatment","volume":"18","author":"Omondi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Wang, J., Luo, X., Zheng, H., Wang, L., Yang, X., and Wang, Y. (2022). Transmission-blocking strategies against malaria parasites during their mosquito stages. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.820650"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05279-9","article-title":"Post-treatment transmissibility of Plasmodium falciparum infections: An observational cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Habtamu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000238671","article-title":"Artemisinin (qinghaosu)\u2013a new gametocytocidal drug for malaria","volume":"35","author":"Dutta","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2018.1387773","article-title":"Malaria medicines to address drug resistance and support malaria elimination efforts","volume":"11","author":"Achan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (2016). Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the WHO: Conclusions and recommendations of eighth biannual meeting (September 2015). Malar. J., 15, 117.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1169-x"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62448","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62448","article-title":"Protective effect of Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency against Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"10","author":"Awab","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1981-y","article-title":"Barriers to routine G6PD testing prior to treatment with primaquine","volume":"16","author":"Ley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04854-w","article-title":"Analyzing the six-year malaria prevalence trends at Metehara Health Center, Central Ethiopia (2017\/18\u20132022\/23): Unveiling the resurgence and its impact on malaria elimination goals by 2030\u2014A retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Mandefro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woldesenbet, D., Tegegne, Y., Mussema, A., Tamene, E., Mohamed, K., Abebe, W., Mekuria, M., Bogale, K., Geremew, H., and Shifa, M.M. (2025). Can Ethiopia eliminate malaria? Malaria burden: Insights from the pre-elimination era, current challenges and perspectives. Front. Malar., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmala.2025.1492444"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethiopia: Moving towards evidence-based malaria elimination program","volume":"3","author":"Kitaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Public Health Nutr. (EJPHN)"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"PMI (2023, June 08). Ethiopia-Malaria-Profile PMI (FY-2024). Ethiopia Malaria Profile 2024. Available online: https:\/\/mesamalaria.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ETHIOPIA_Malaria_Profile_PMI_FY_2024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"181","article-title":"Development of resistance by Plasmodium falciparum to sulfadoxine\/pyrimethamine in Amhara Region, Northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"43","author":"Kassa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethiop. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, E., Hemming-Schroeder, E., Yewhalaw, D., Nguyen, J., Kebede, E., Zemene, E., Getachew, S., Tushune, K., Zhong, D., and Zhou, G. (2017). Transmission dynamics of co-endemic Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in Ethiopia and prevalence of antimalarial resistant genotypes. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005806"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"FMOH (2009). National strategic plan for malaria prevention, control and elimination in Ethiopia 2010\u20132015. Fed. Minist. Health Addis Ababa Ethiop. Geosci. Geom., 1, 8\u201314."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brhane, B.G., Fola, A.A., Nigussie, H., Leonetti, A., Kassa, M., Hailgiorgis, H., Wuletaw, Y., Abera, A., Mohammed, H., and Sime, H. (2024). Rising prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin resistance mutations in Ethiopia. medRxiv, medRxiv:2024.09. 11.24313421.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.11.24313421"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"FMOH (2018). National Malaria Guidelines, Ababa."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zemene, E., Belay, D.B., Tiruneh, A., Lee, M.-C., Yewhalaw, D., and Yan, G. (2021). Malaria vector dynamics and utilization of insecticide-treated nets in low-transmission setting in Southwest Ethiopia: Implications for residual transmission. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06592-9"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-350","article-title":"Agro-ecosystems impact malaria prevalence: Large-scale irrigation drives vector population in western Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Jaleta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07653-8","article-title":"Future global distribution and climatic suitability of Anopheles stephensi","volume":"15","author":"Acosta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04531-4","article-title":"Mapping current and future thermal limits to suitability for malaria transmission by the invasive mosquito Anopheles stephensi","volume":"22","author":"Ryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03801-3","article-title":"An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018\u20132020","volume":"20","author":"Balkew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P18","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-S1-P18","article-title":"Measuring the blockade of malaria transmission: Analyzing the results of mosquito feeding assays","volume":"11","author":"Churcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanheer, L.N., Ramjith, J., Mahamar, A., Smit, M.J., Lanke, K., Roh, M.E., Sanogo, K., Sinaba, Y., Niambele, S.M., and Diallo, M. (2025). The transmission blocking activity of artemisinin-combination, non-artemisinin, and 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial therapies: A pooled analysis of individual participant data. PLoS Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004683"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa498","article-title":"Efficacy of single-dose primaquine with artemisinin combination therapy on Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and transmission: An individual patient meta-analysis","volume":"225","author":"Stepniewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP90989","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90989","article-title":"Quantification of sporozoite expelling by Anopheles mosquitoes infected with laboratory and naturally circulating P. falciparum gametocytes","volume":"12","author":"Andolina","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1884-y","article-title":"Current and cumulative malaria infections in a setting embarking on elimination: Amhara, Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Yalew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2587-8","article-title":"Malaria case investigation with reactive focal testing and treatment: Operational feasibility and lessons learned from low and moderate transmission areas in Amhara Region, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Bansil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minwuyelet, A., Yewhalaw, D., and Atenafu, G. (2025). Retrospective analysis of malaria prevalence over ten years (2015\u20132024) at Bichena Primary Hospital, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322570"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05006-w","article-title":"A five years malaria surveillance data analysis of North Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia: July 2018 to June 2023","volume":"23","author":"Moltot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05063","article-title":"Species diversity and distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes in Bure district, Northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Adugna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-021-00694-2","article-title":"Distribution and abundance of larval malaria vectors in Bibugn District, East Gojjam, Ethiopia","volume":"42","author":"Assemie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00109","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00109-24","article-title":"Artemisinin-resistant malaria","volume":"37","author":"White","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teklemariam, M., Assefa, A., Kassa, M., Mohammed, H., and Mamo, H. (2017). Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a high-transmission area in northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176004"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"WHO (2024). WHO Guidelines for Malaria, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0962","article-title":"Density-dependent impact of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte sex ratio on mosquito infection rates","volume":"276","author":"Mitri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04301-8","article-title":"Severe malaria","volume":"21","author":"White","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osakunor, D.N.M., Sengeh, D.M., and Mutapi, F. (2018). Coinfections and comorbidities in African health systems: At the interface of infectious and noninfectious diseases. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006711"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.120926","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in malaria: An overlooked important complication","volume":"50","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8598.144071","article-title":"Profile of acute severe malaria with hepatopathy","volume":"4","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"169","article-title":"International Journal of Entomological Research","volume":"2","author":"Fly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Entomol. Res"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Williams, J., and Pinto, J. (2012). Training Manual on Malaria Entomology for Entomology and Vector Control Technicians (Basic Level)."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassat Orellana, Q., Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Men\u00e9ndez, C., and Group, W.G.S. (2016). Gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria following treatment with artemisinin combination therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0621-7"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-127","article-title":"Some considerations in the design and interpretation of antimalarial drug trials in uncomplicated falciparum malaria","volume":"5","author":"Stepniewska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"WHO (2010). Basic Malaria Microscopy, Part I. Learner\u2019s Guide, World Health Organization. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). Malaria Parasite Counting, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). Malaria Microscopy Quality Assurance Manual-Version 2, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(93)90131-X","article-title":"PCR and strain identification in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"9","author":"Wooden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-361","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic methods for the detection and quantification of the four sympatric Plasmodium species in field samples from Papua New Guinea","volume":"9","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.12.012","article-title":"Multiplex real-time PCR detection of P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae in human blood samples","volume":"121","author":"Veron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"7","article-title":"Detection of Plasmodium Vivax by Nested PCR Amplification of Dried Blood Spots on Filter Papers","volume":"7","author":"Niu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol. Medica Entomol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-168032","article-title":"The optimum hematocrit","volume":"64","author":"Reinhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Method for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05226-0","article-title":"Simplified Plasmodium falciparum membrane feeding assay using small Petri dishes and gel warmers","volume":"23","author":"Mlambo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"WHO (1975). Manual on Practical Entomology Part II Method and Techniques, WHO."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit077","article-title":"Malaria transmission after artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine: A randomized trial","volume":"207","author":"Sawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v7i2.784","article-title":"Differential infectivity of gametocytes after artemisinin-based combination therapy of uncomplicated falciparum malaria","volume":"7","author":"Ouologuem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. J. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2373-7","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte dynamics after pyronaridine\u2013artesunate or artemether\u2013lumefantrine treatment","volume":"17","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.210","article-title":"Gametocytemia and infectivity to mosquitoes of patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks treated with chloroquine or sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine","volume":"62","author":"Robert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04369-2","article-title":"Comparative effect of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine on gametocyte clearance in children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Madagascar","volume":"21","author":"Rakotoarisoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-291","article-title":"A review of the effects of artemether-lumefantrine on gametocyte carriage and disease transmission","volume":"13","author":"Makanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80108-6","article-title":"Infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles arabiensis after treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine","volume":"97","author":"Govere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix336","article-title":"The relative effects of artemether-lumefantrine and non-artemisinin antimalarials on gametocyte carriage and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Ippolito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1086\/503051","article-title":"Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"193","author":"Bousema","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000400019","article-title":"Effects of antifolates-co-trimoxazole and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine-on gametocytes in children with acute, symptomatic, uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"100","author":"Sowunmi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01093.x","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum gametocytaemia in Nigerian children: Before, during and after treatment with antimalarial drugs","volume":"8","author":"Sowunmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105190","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte production correlates with genetic markers of parasite replication but is not influenced by experimental exposure to mosquito biting","volume":"105","author":"Blanken","year":"2024","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34463","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34463","article-title":"Predicting the likelihood and intensity of mosquito infection from sex specific Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density","volume":"7","author":"Bradley","year":"2018","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00361.x","article-title":"Host haematological factors influencing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae ss mosquitoes","volume":"4","author":"Drakeley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22573-7","article-title":"Higher gametocyte production and mosquito infectivity in chronic compared to incident Plasmodium falciparum infections","volume":"12","author":"Barry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Toussile, R.G.I.M.W., Genuer, R., and Morlais, I. (2010). Gametocytes infectiousness to mosquitoes: Variable selection using random forests, and zero inflated models. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa157","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial to compare Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia and infectivity after blood-stage or mosquito bite\u2013induced controlled malaria infection","volume":"224","author":"Alkema","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2749-0","article-title":"Infection of Anopheles aquasalis from symptomatic and asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infections in Manaus, western Brazilian Amazon","volume":"11","author":"Kuehn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1584-z","article-title":"Comparison of molecular quantification of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by Pfs25 qRT-PCR and QT-NASBA in relation to mosquito infectivity","volume":"15","author":"Pett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.554","article-title":"Genetic variation in human HBB is associated with Plasmodium falciparum transmission","volume":"42","author":"Gouagna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngou, C.M., Bayib\u00e9ki, A.N., Abate, L., Makinde, O.S., Feufack-Donfack, L.B., Sarah-Matio, E.M., Bouopda-Tuedom, A.G., Taconet, P., Moiroux, N., and Awono-Amb\u00e9n\u00e9, P.H. (2023). Influence of the sickle cell trait on Plasmodium falciparum infectivity from naturally infected gametocyte carriers. BMC Infect. Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08134-x"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawaly, Y.R., Sakuntabhai, A., Marrama, L., Konate, L., Phimpraphi, W., Sokhna, C., Tall, A., Di\u00e8ne Sarr, F., Peerapittayamongkol, C., and Louicharoen, C. (2010). Heritability of the human infectious reservoir of malaria parasites. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011358"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2707-0","article-title":"Biology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte sex ratio and implications in malaria parasite transmission","volume":"18","author":"Henry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J.T., Lon, C., Spring, M.D., Sok, S., Chann, S., Ittiverakul, M., Kuntawunginn, W., My, M., Thay, K., and Rahman, R. (2017). Single dose primaquine to reduce gametocyte carriage and Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Cambodia: An open-label randomized trial. PloS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168702"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-278","article-title":"Blocking malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes using artemisinin derivatives and primaquine: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Abay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100966","article-title":"Artemether\u2013lumefantrine\u2013amodiaquine or artesunate\u2013amodiaquine combined with single low-dose primaquine to reduce Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in Ou\u00e9less\u00e9bougou, Mali: A five-arm, phase 2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Mahamar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-136","article-title":"Revisiting the circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: Molecular detection methods to estimate the duration of gametocyte carriage and the effect of gametocytocidal drugs","volume":"9","author":"Bousema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33657-3","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in longitudinally monitored incident infections is associated with duration of infection and human host factors","volume":"13","author":"Andolina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00051-10","article-title":"Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination","volume":"24","author":"Bousema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepniewska, K., Allen, E.N., Humphreys, G.S., Poirot, E., Craig, E., Kennon, K., Yilma, D., Bousema, T., Guerin, P.J., and White, N.J. (2022). Safety of single-dose primaquine as a Plasmodium falciparum gametocytocide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02504-z"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastiaens, G.J., Tiono, A.B., Okebe, J., Pett, H.E., Coulibaly, S.A., Goncalves, B.P., Affara, M., Ouedraogo, A., Bougouma, E.C., and Sanou, G.S. (2018). Safety of single low-dose primaquine in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient falciparum-infected African males: Two open-label, randomized, safety trials. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190272"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1341-3","article-title":"Safety of a single low-dose of primaquine in addition to standard artemether-lumefantrine regimen for treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tanzania","volume":"15","author":"Mwaiswelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/1\/19\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:29:10Z","timestamp":1767871750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/1\/19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed11010019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed11010019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}}}