{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:48:59Z","timestamp":1772254139338,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza"},{"name":"EU within the Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases project","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) is a species-specific, eco-friendly mosquito control method that relies on releasing Wolbachia-infected males, which induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), rendering eggs inviable when mating with wild females. Aiming at optimizing IIT protocols in terms of cost-effectiveness, data on incompatible male dispersal and survival and the distance- and time-related impact of induced sterility are fundamental. This study plans to fill this gap and reports findings from a two-year field trial (2022\u20132023) at the ENEA-Casaccia Research Center, based on single-spot releases of incompatible Aedes albopictus males (ARwP strain). Male releases were carried out in late September 2022 (~15,000 released males) and the early Ae. albopictus season (at the end of June 2023; ~24,000 released males). Fifty-eight ovitraps were located at a 20\u2013900 m distance from the ARwP release spot and were monitored weekly from May to November to assess egg hatching rates and measure CI effects in relation to both distance and time. Following the 2023 release, samples of adults were collected at increasing distances from the release site and at multiple post-release time points to assess, individually, wild female fertility and ARwP male dispersal and survival using Wolbachia as a genetic marker. Statistical analyses revealed that: (a) the highest reduction in the egg hatching was found within 100 m from the release spot (46.5% and 19.9%, respectively, in 2022 and 2023) but remained significant even at greater distances (29.9% and 7.7% at 300 m, respectively, in 2022 and 2023); (b) accordingly, the highest reduction in the wild female fertility occurred within 100 m from the release spot (47.3%), but similar effects were recognizable up to 600 m; (c) the overflooding ratio of the ARwP males did not significantly differ between 3 and 11 days after the release, with ARwP males remaining active up to 18 days and dispersing as far as 400 m. These results demonstrate the potential of localized, non-inundative IIT trials to furnish clues for the setup of spatially optimized release strategies, especially in scaled-up applications. The study also emphasizes the need for standardized assessment tools and further research regarding environmental and behavioral factors influencing long-term suppression outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11020045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T13:33:50Z","timestamp":1770384830000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial Dynamics and Sterilization Range of Incompatible Aedes albopictus Males: Advancing Toward an Optimized IIT Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Lampazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6957-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Virgillito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5650-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beniamino","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3108-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Santarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1654-9383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7234-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Calvitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07094-2","article-title":"Mosquitoes and the City: Effects of Urbanization on Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens Captures in Southern Spain","volume":"18","author":"Garrido","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01167-z","article-title":"Introduction of Invasive Mosquito Species into Europe and Prospects for Arbovirus Transmission and Vector Control in an Era of Globalization","volume":"12","author":"Brattig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. 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