{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:16:43Z","timestamp":1770743803853,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Loiasis exists in regions where malaria is highly endemic, yet few studies have investigated their association as concomitant infectious diseases. Secondary data analysis from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Gabon (2015\u20132016) was performed to assess the association between malaria and loiasis. A total of 947 participants of all ages were enrolled in the original study. In crude analyses, malaria showed a seemingly protective association with loiasis, manifesting in an odds ratio (OR) of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.45 to 1.01; p = 0.0521). This borderline association disappeared completely after adjustment for confounders (adjusted OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 0.81 to 2.11; p = 0.276), particularly age. The apparent crude protective association is therefore likely explained by the different epidemiological distribution of both diseases according to age rather than a true biological interaction. Malaria predominantly occurred in children and loiasis mainly in older individuals. Findings of this study do not support an association between malaria and loiasis in this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11020046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T10:45:31Z","timestamp":1770633931000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["There Is No Association Between Loiasis and Malaria: Findings from a Secondary Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Survey in Rural Gabon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rella","family":"Zoleko-Manego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2658-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghyslain","family":"Mombo-Ngoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Department of Implementation Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ramharter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. 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