{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:04:39Z","timestamp":1773219879270,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n, el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico y la Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2013-0170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2013-0170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n, el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico y la Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2015-3111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2015-3111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n, el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico y la Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2020-SerieA-01669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2020-SerieA-01669"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005363","name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBACYT 20020130100151BA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBACYT 20020130100151BA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucella infection is frequently acquired by inhalation, but the pathogen disseminates systemically from the lungs. However, little is known about the interaction of Brucella spp. with the airways. Using a 3D air-exposed organotypic human bronchial tissue model (polarized 16HBE14o- bronchial epithelial cells grown over a collagen matrix containing MRC-5 lung fibroblasts), we analyzed Brucella abortus replication, translocation and cytokine responses over prolonged post-infection times. Apically inoculated B. abortus invaded, replicated and persisted during the whole follow-up (16 days) within the bronchial tissue without inducing cytotoxicity. Viable bacteria were also detected in the conditioned medium (CM) since day five post-infection, indicating release from the basolateral side. In parallel experiments, no invasion or bacterial release was detected for Escherichia coli. The levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 were increased in CM from Brucella-infected 3D cultures and in monocultures of polarized bronchial epithelial cells or lung fibroblasts. Collagenase\/gelatinase activity was increased in 3D cultures and MRC-5 monocultures. Infection transference from bronchial cells to lung fibroblasts was documented using monocultures. An immune cross-talk was detected, as cytokine levels were increased in fibroblasts stimulated with bronchial CM, and vice versa. These results suggest that the bronchial mucosa can sustain B. abortus persistence, replication and dissemination, and that it induces a proinflammatory response to which both epithelial cells and fibroblasts contribute.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11030078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:53:31Z","timestamp":1773140011000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 3D Organotypic Human Bronchial Model Reveals Persistent Infection and Modulated Inflammatory Response when Exposed to Brucella abortus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0981-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n Mathias","family":"Alonso Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2129-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florencia","family":"Mu\u00f1oz Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4547-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Rotondaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Microscop\u00eda y Bioim\u00e1genes, Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires 1405, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Bialer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires 1405, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), San Mart\u00edn 1650, Argentina"},{"name":"Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnolog\u00edas (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn, San Mart\u00edn 1650, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arlinet","family":"Kierbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), San Mart\u00edn 1650, Argentina"},{"name":"Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnolog\u00edas (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn, San Mart\u00edn 1650, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5059-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana C.","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2500-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo C.","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230052","article-title":"Global Estimate of Human Brucellosis Incidence","volume":"29","author":"Laine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1980.tb18912.x","article-title":"Airborne Spread of Brucellosis","volume":"353","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.52.7.1166","article-title":"Brucellosis Outbreak in an Iowa Packing House","volume":"52","author":"Hendricks","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.287-290.1991","article-title":"Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among Microbiology Laboratory Workers in a Community Hospital","volume":"29","author":"Staszkiewicz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"315","article-title":"Human Infection by Brucella melitensis: An Outbreak Attributed to Contact with Infected Goats","volume":"19","author":"Wallach","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.041197","article-title":"Laboratory Exposures to Brucellae and Implications for Bioterrorism","volume":"11","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6311-4","article-title":"Brucella as a Biological Weapon","volume":"63","author":"Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L658","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.278.4.L658","article-title":"The Potential of Various Lipopolysaccharides to Release IL-8 and G-CSF","volume":"278","author":"Koyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0388OC","article-title":"Activation of Airway Epithelial Cells by Toll-like Receptor Agonists","volume":"31","author":"Sha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.3134","article-title":"Differential Recognition of TLR-Dependent Microbial Ligands in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells","volume":"178","author":"Mayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm809","article-title":"Myofibroblasts and Mechano: Regulation of Connective Tissue Remodelling","volume":"3","author":"Tomasek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2017.1310226","article-title":"Effects of IFN-\u03b3 on Cell Growth and the Expression of ADAM33 Gene in Human Embryonic Lung Mrc-5 Fibroblasts in Vitro","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170499","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI170499","article-title":"Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibroblast Immunoregulation: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"133","author":"Ghonim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1418","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases as Modulators of Inflammation and Innate Immunity","volume":"4","author":"Parks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2017.04.015","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase Collagenolysis in Health and Disease","volume":"1864","author":"Amar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.01.010","article-title":"Smooth Brucella Strains Invade and Replicate in Human Lung Epithelial Cells without Inducing Cell Death","volume":"11","author":"Ferrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.05.002","article-title":"Direct and Monocyte-Induced Innate Immune Response of Human Lung Epithelial Cells to Brucella abortus Infection","volume":"12","author":"Ferrero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.06.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Immune Response in Brucella Infection Acquired by the Respiratory Route","volume":"22","author":"Ferrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stranahan, L., Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez, D., Hensel, M.E., and Arenas-Gamboa, A.M. (2022). Primary and Memory Immune Responses against Rough Brucella Canis Are Less Robust Compared to Smooth B. Abortus and B. Melitensis Following Intratracheal Infection in Mice. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.959328"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L226","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00059.2011","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Functional Properties in a Three-Dimensional Tissue Model of Human Lung Mucosa","volume":"302","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"281","article-title":"Modeling Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Early Granuloma Formation in Experimental Human Lung Tissue","volume":"7","author":"Parasa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1413","article-title":"Modelling Staphylococcal Pneumonia in a Human 3D Lung Tissue Model System Delineates Toxin-Mediated Pathology","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6ckel, M., Baldok, N., Walles, T., Hartig, R., M\u00fcller, A.J., Reichl, U., Genzel, Y., Walles, H., and Wiese-Rischke, C. (2022). Human 3D Airway Tissue Models for Real-Time Microscopy: Visualizing Respiratory Virus Spreading. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223634"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, J., Jansen, K., Kessler, V., Seisenbaeva, G., Gerde, P., Malml\u00f6f, M., Palmberg, L., and Upadhyay, S. (2024). Cell Line-Based in Vitro Models of Normal and Chronic Bronchitis-like Airway Mucosa to Study the Toxic Potential of Aerosolized Palladium Nanoparticles. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1422792"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.10.1.7507342","article-title":"CFTR Expression and Chloride Secretion in Polarized Immortal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells","volume":"10","author":"Cozens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0548-5","article-title":"Influence of Apical Fluid Volume on the Development of Functional Intercellular Junctions in the Human Epithelial Cell Line 16HBE14o-: Implications for the Use of This Cell Line as an in Vitro Model for Bronchial Drug Absorption Studies","volume":"308","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.12.002","article-title":"Selective Subversion of Autophagy Complexes Facilitates Completion of the Brucella Intracellular Cycle","volume":"11","author":"Starr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00102.x","article-title":"Essential Role of the VirB Machinery in the Maturation of the Brucella abortus-Containing Vacuole","volume":"3","author":"Comerci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zavattieri, L., Ferrero, M.C., Alonso Paiva, I.M., Sotelo, A.D., Canellada, A.M., and Baldi, P.C. (2020). Brucella abortus Proliferates in Decidualized and Non-Decidualized Human Endometrial Cells Inducing a Proinflammatory Response. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050369"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00451-07","article-title":"Aerosol Infection of BALB\/c Mice with Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus and Protective Efficacy against Aerosol Challenge","volume":"75","author":"Ficht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.2005-2006.2000","article-title":"Brucella abortus Infection Acquired in Microbiology Laboratories","volume":"38","author":"Fiori","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundstr\u00f6m, K.B., Hoang, A.T.N., Gupta, S., Ahlm, C., Svensson, M., and Klingstr\u00f6m, J. (2016). Andes Hantavirus-Infection of a 3D Human Lung Tissue Model Reveals a Late Peak in Progeny Virus Production Followed by Increased Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines and VEGF-A. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149354"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.644","article-title":"Pathologic Changes Associated with Brucellosis Experimentally Induced by Aerosol Exposure in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"65","author":"Mense","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.017285-0","article-title":"A Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Model of Aerosol-Exposure Brucellosis (Brucella suis): Pathology and Diagnostic Implications","volume":"59","author":"Yingst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05878-11","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the Rhesus Macaque Model for Inhalational Brucellosis","volume":"80","author":"Henning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.M., Chiu, K.B., Sansing, H.A., Didier, P.J., Ficht, T.A., Arenas-Gamboa, A.M., Roy, C.J., and MacLean, A.G. (2013). Aerosol-Induced Brucellosis Increases TLR-2 Expression and Increased Complexity in the Microanatomy of Astroglia in Rhesus Macaques. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00086"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12282","article-title":"Mucosal Bacterial Dissemination in a Rhesus Macaque Model of Experimental Brucellosis","volume":"47","author":"Killeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03338-22","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03338-22","article-title":"Brucella Egresses from Host Cells Exploiting Multivesicular Bodies","volume":"14","author":"Spera","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EMBJ2022112817","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112817","article-title":"Host Cell Egress of Brucella abortus Requires BNIP3L-Mediated Mitophagy","volume":"42","author":"Verbeke","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L751","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90578.2008","article-title":"MMP9 Modulates Tight Junction Integrity and Cell Viability in Human Airway Epithelia","volume":"296","author":"Vermeer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.126","article-title":"Control of Local Immunity by Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"9","author":"Weitnauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2018026611","article-title":"Manning the Barricades: Lung Fibroblasts and CD4+ T Cells as the Last Line of Defense against Bacterial Invasion?","volume":"38","author":"Hutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2017.00009","article-title":"Fibroblasts: The Unknown Sentinels Eliciting Immune Responses against Microorganisms","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshizumi, M., Kimura, H., Okayama, Y., Nishina, A., Noda, M., Tsukagoshi, H., Kozawa, K., and Kurabayashi, M. (2010). Relationships between Cytokine Profiles and Signaling Pathways (I\u03baB Kinase and P38 MAPK) in Parainfluenza Virus-Infected Lung Fibroblasts. Front. Microbiol., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2010.00124"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10044","article-title":"Cytokine Profiles, Signalling Pathways and Effects of Fluticasone Propionate in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Human Foetal Lung Fibroblasts","volume":"37","author":"Seki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L133","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00307.2015","article-title":"IL-27 Enhances Innate Immunity of Human Pulmonary Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells through Upregulation of TLR4 Expression","volume":"310","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1206378","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2016.1206378","article-title":"IL-1\u03b1 Mediates Cellular Cross-Talk in the Airway Epithelial Mesenchymal Trophic Unit","volume":"4","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.87","article-title":"IL-1a Released from Damaged Epithelial Cells Is Sufficient and Essential to Trigger Inflammatory Responses in Human Lung Fibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"Suwara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/3\/78\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:13:08Z","timestamp":1773141188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/3\/78"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed11030078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed11030078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]}}}