{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:02:05Z","timestamp":1788912125797,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Institute for Disease Elimination"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis japonicum transmission in Indonesia has declined substantially over recent decades, placing it in the last miles of elimination in the Western Pacific Region. As programmes transition from control to interruption of transmission, surveillance systems must be capable of detecting residual transmission. This study synthesised routine epidemiological data from 2015 to 2025 to assess Indonesia\u2019s readiness for elimination and to identify key surveillance gaps in near-elimination settings. Descriptive quantitative analysis was conducted using national surveillance data from two endemic districts in Central Sulawesi, complemented by programme reports on mass drug administration, human diagnosis, animal reservoir surveillance, and snail surveys. Results showed that while prevalence in humans has remained low and responsive to mass drug administration, transmission persists through infected animal reservoirs and intermediate snail hosts. Surveillance performance is constrained by limited diagnostic capacity, inconsistent snail survey coverage, fragmented paper-based reporting systems, and weak integration across human, animal, and environmental sectors. These findings indicated that low prevalence in humans alone is insufficient to demonstrate interruption of transmission, particularly in zoonotic schistosomiasis. In conclusion, Indonesia\u2019s experience highlights the need to strengthen near-elimination surveillance through sensitive diagnostics, integrated One Health approaches, and digitally enabled data systems to sustain elimination and support future verification of schistosomiasis transmission interruption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11040086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:57:34Z","timestamp":1774447054000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Schistosomiasis japonicum in Indonesia: Progress and Surveillance Needs in Verge-of-Elimination Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1257-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achmad Naufal","family":"Azhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Institute for Disease Elimination (GLIDE), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 764641, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2095-5556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agrin Zauyani","family":"Putri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Indonesia Country Office, Jakarta 12940, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajib","family":"Diptyanusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Indonesia Country Office, Jakarta 12940, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunardi","family":"Sunardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayuk Agustin","family":"Hapsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina Tiolina","family":"Sidjabat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dauries","family":"Ariyanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainal","family":"Khoirudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rezavitawanti","family":"Rezavitawanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herdiana","family":"Herdiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Indonesia Country Office, Jakarta 12940, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yullita Evarini","family":"Yuzwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Alhosani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Institute for Disease Elimination (GLIDE), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 764641, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0630-9","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases: An Effective Global Response to Local Poverty-Related Disease Priorities","volume":"9","author":"Engels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, October 28). Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2025. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/383199."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, August 27). Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/338565."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific (2025, August 27). Regional Action Framework for Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases in the Western Pacific. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/331926."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, C.A., Kurscheid, J., Williams, G.M., Clements, A.C.A., Li, Y., Zhou, X.-N., Utzinger, J., McManus, D.P., and Gray, D.J. (2019). Asian Schistosomiasis: Current Status and Prospects for Control Leading to Elimination. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010040"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"116","article-title":"Accelerating the Control and Elimination of Major Parasitic Diseases in China\u2014On World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day 2024","volume":"6","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabilin, E.J., Gray, D.J., Jiz, M.A., Mationg, M.L., Inobaya, M., Avenido-Cervantes, E., Sato, M., Sato, M.O., Sako, Y., and Mu, Y. (2025). Schistosomiasis in the Philippines: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology and Current Control. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10020029"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization Indonesia (2025, October 30). Overcoming Challenges to Eliminate Schistosomiasis in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. WHO Indonesia News Feature. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/indonesia\/news\/detail\/25-07-2023-overcoming-challenges-to-eliminate-schistosomiasis-in-central-sulawesi."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2022.11","article-title":"Total Prevention: A History of Schistosomiasis in Japan","volume":"66","author":"Bay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Hist."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.014","article-title":"Current Status of Schistosomiasis in Indonesia","volume":"141","author":"Satrija","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Government of the Republic of Indonesia (2025, October 30). Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2025 on the National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional) 2025\u20132029, Annex II, Available online: https:\/\/peraturan.bpk.go.id\/Download\/375625\/Perpres%20Nomor%2012%20Tahun%202025%20-%20Lampiran%20II.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, November 27). Schistosomiasis. Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data Repository. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/schistosomiasis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"18","article-title":"Surveilans Schistosomiasis pada Hewan di Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2018\u20132023","volume":"22","author":"Wirawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn. Vet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., He, T., Xie, J., Lv, S., Li, Z., Yuan, M., Hu, F., and Lin, D. (2023). Trend of Human Schistosomiasis Japonica Prevalence in China from 1990 to 2019. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8070344"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zheng, M., Gong, Y., Huang, J., Wang, J., Xu, N., Tong, Y., Chen, Y., Jiang, Q., and Cai, Y. (2024). Changing Seroprevalence of Schistosomiasis Japonica in China from 1982 to 2020: A Systematic Review and Spatial Analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012466"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa202","article-title":"Disruptions to Schistosomiasis Programmes Due to COVID-19: An Analysis of Potential Impact and Mitigation Strategies","volume":"115","author":"Kura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trippler, L., Ame, S.M., Hattendorf, J., Juma, S., Abubakar, S., Ali, S.M., Kabole, F., Rollinson, D., and Knopp, S. (2021). Impact of Seven Years of Mass Drug Administration and Recrudescence of Schistosoma haematobium Infections after One Year of Treatment Gap in Zanzibar: Repeated Cross-Sectional Studies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009127"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"63","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Schistosomiasis Control in an Endemic Region of Northeastern Brazil, 2020\u20132021","volume":"15","author":"Alves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Epidemiol. Controle Infec\u00e7."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itaye, T., Matendechero, S.H., Mbonigaba, J.B., Gebretsadik, F.S., Molefi, T.L., Baayenda, G., Ruberanziza, E., Kollie, K.K., Zilabumba, J., and Dembele, M. (2023). \u201cOur Interventions Are Still Here to Support Communities during the Pandemic\u201d: Resuming Mass Drug Administration for Neglected Tropical Diseases after COVID-19 Implementation Delays. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011368"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, C.H., and Bertsch, D. (2013). Meta-analysis of Urine Heme Dipstick Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium Infection, Including Low-Prevalence and Previously-Treated Populations. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002431"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.014","article-title":"New Diagnostic Tools in Schistosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Utzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e190117","article-title":"Diagnostic Approaches and Challenges in Low-Endemic Settings: A Comprehensive Review of Schistosomiasis Mansoni Diagnostics in Brazil","volume":"114","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, C., Deng, W., Wang, L., Qin, Z., Zhou, X., and Xu, J. (2022). Molecular Techniques as Alternatives of Diagnostic Tools in China as Schistosomiasis Moves toward Elimination. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030287"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia (2023). Meeting of National Programme Managers for Lymphatic Filariasis, Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis and the Regional Programme Review Group of the WHO South-East Asia Region, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/sea-cd-335."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeles, J.M.M., Goto, Y., Kirinoki, M., Asada, M., Leonardo, L.R., Rivera, P.T., Villacorte, E.A., Inoue, N., Chigusa, Y., and Kawazu, S. (2012). Utilization of ELISA Using Thioredoxin Peroxidase-1 and Tandem Repeat Proteins for Diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum Infection among Water Buffaloes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001800"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.011","article-title":"A Parallel Comparison of Antigen Candidates for Development of an Optimized Serological Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeles, J.M.M., Goto, Y., Kirinoki, M., Villacorte, E.A., Moendeg, K.J., Rivera, P.T., Chigusa, Y., and Kawazu, S. (2020). Field Evaluation of Recombinant Antigen ELISA in Detecting Zoonotic Schistosome Infection among Water Buffaloes in Endemic Municipalities in the Philippines. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.592783"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and Indonesia Country Office (2025, December 10). Breaking the Shackles of Schistosomiasis: Indonesia\u2019s Leap Towards Elimination with RA-ELISA. WHO Indonesia Newsroom, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/indonesia\/news\/detail\/06-12-2023-breaking-the-shackles-of-schistosomiasis--indonesia-s-leap-towards-elimination-with-ra-elisa."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knopp, S., Speich, B., Hattendorf, J., Rinaldi, L., Mohammed, K.A., Khamis, I.S., Mohammed, A.S., Albonico, M., Rollinson, D., and Marti, H. (2011). Diagnostic Accuracy of Kato-Katz and FLOTAC for Assessing Anthelmintic Drug Efficacy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001036"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001152","article-title":"Diagnostics for Schistosomiasis in Africa and Arabia: A Review of Present Options in Control and Future Needs for Elimination","volume":"141","author":"Stothard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, C.A., Acosta, L.P., Gobert, G.N., Olveda, R.M., Ross, A.G., Williams, G.M., Gray, D.J., Harn, D., Li, Y., and McManus, D.P. (2015). Real-Time PCR Demonstrates High Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines: Implications for Surveillance and Control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003483"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0390-y","article-title":"Real-Time PCR Diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum in Low Transmission Areas of China","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng\u2019etich, A.K.S., Voyi, K., and Mutero, C.M. (2021). Assessment of Surveillance Core and Support Functions regarding Neglected Tropical Diseases in Kenya. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10185-1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-11-19","article-title":"Surveillance Systems for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Global Lessons from China\u2019s Evolving Schistosomiasis Reporting Systems, 1949\u20132014","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Themes Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng\u2019etich, A.K.S., Voyi, K., and Mutero, C.M. (2021). Development and Validation of a Framework to Improve Neglected Tropical Diseases Surveillance and Response at Sub-National Levels in Kenya. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.18.21256594"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njeru, I., Kareko, D., Kisangau, N., Langat, D., Liku, N., Owiso, G., Dolan, S., Rabinowitz, P., Macharia, D., and Ekechi, C. (2020). Use of Technology for Public Health Surveillance Reporting: Opportunities, Challenges and Lessons Learnt from Kenya. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09222-2"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 11). Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Strategic Framework for Integrated Control and Management of Skin-Related Neglected Tropical Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240023680."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"68","article-title":"Schistosomiasis pada Hewan di Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2018\u20132023","volume":"23","author":"Wirawan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn. Vet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1591-1598","article-title":"The contribution of domestic animals to the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in the Lindu Subdistrict of the Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Budiono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2020.99-108","article-title":"Humoral responses to Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens in domestic animals in Lindu Subdistrict, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"Budiono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. One Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.2307\/3279752","article-title":"A mammalian reservoir of Schistosoma japonicum in the Napu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia","volume":"64","author":"Carney","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Z., Huang, Y., and Wang, T. (2017). Schistosomiasis japonica control in domestic animals: Progress and experiences in China. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02464"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71555","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71555","article-title":"Zoonotic Schistosomiasis: The Crossroads Between Animal and Human Schistosomiasis in Africa: Narrative Review","volume":"8","author":"Fordjour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S.-Y., Li, L., Zhang, L.-J., Li, Y.-L., Li, S.-Z., and Xu, J. (2021). From the One Health Perspective: Schistosomiasis japonica and Flooding. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121538"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiz, M., Mingala, C., Fu, Z.-Q., Adriatico, M., Lu, K., Jarilla, B., Sagliba, M., Moreno, A., Park, S., and Lin, J.-J. (2021). High Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum by Perfusion in Naturally Exposed Water Buffalo in a Region of the Philippines Endemic for Human Schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009796"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, D.J., Williams, G.M., Li, Y., Chen, H., Forsyth, S.J., Li, R.S., Barnett, A.G., Guo, J., Ross, A.G., and Feng, Z. (2009). A Cluster-Randomised Intervention Trial against Schistosoma japonicum in the People\u2019s Republic of China: Bovine and Human Transmission. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005900"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"606","article-title":"Role of Goat in Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum V: Goat Breeding Status in Endemic Regions and Its Significance in Schistosomiasis Transmission","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2024.101022","article-title":"Liver Fluke and Schistosome Cross-Infection Risk between Livestock and Wild Mammals in Western Uganda: A One Health Approach","volume":"25","author":"Namirembe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, S., Ponpetch, K., Zhou, Y.-B., Guo, J., Erko, B., Stothard, J.R., Wang, L.-D., Chen, H.-G., Yang, G.-J., and Zhou, X.-N. (2022). Diagnosis of Schistosoma Infection in Non-Human Animal Hosts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010389"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0370-7","article-title":"Elimination of Schistosomiasis: The Tools Required","volume":"6","author":"Bergquist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0215-9","article-title":"Towards Interruption of Schistosomiasis Transmission: Developing an Environmental Surveillance Framework to Support End-Game Interventions","volume":"6","author":"Stothard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","article-title":"Time to Set the Agenda for Schistosomiasis Elimination","volume":"128","author":"Rollinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.11.010","article-title":"Large-Scale Determinants of Intestinal Schistosomiasis and Intermediate Host Snail Distribution","volume":"128","author":"Stensgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, C.H., Sutherland, L.J., and Bertsch, D. (2015). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Chemical-Based Mollusciciding for Schistosomiasis Control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004290"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Field Use of Molluscicides in Schistosomiasis Control Programmes: An Operational Manual for Programme Managers, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241511995."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asare, K.K., Mohammed, M.-D.W., Aboagye, Y.O., Arndts, K., and Ritter, M. (2025). Impact of Climate Change on Schistosomiasis Transmission and Distribution\u2014A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22050812"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2008.04.008","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Indonesia: Past and Present","volume":"57","author":"Garjito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trippler, L., Hattendorf, J., Ali, S.M., Ame, S.M., Juma, S., Kabole, F., and Knopp, S. (2021). Novel tools and strategies for breaking schistosomiasis transmission: Study protocol for an intervention study. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06620-8"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, P., Dahlberg, P., Lagatie, O., Larsson, J., Tynong, A., Vlaminck, J., Zumpe, M., Ame, S., Ayana, M., and Khieu, V. (2022). Affordable Artificial Intelligence-Based Digital Pathology for Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Proof-of-Concept for the Detection of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Schistosoma mansoni Eggs in Kato\u2013Katz Stool Thick Smears. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010500"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2407.171928","article-title":"Integrated Serologic Surveillance of Population Immunity and Disease Transmission","volume":"24","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornace, K.M., Senyonjo, L., Martin, D.L., Gwyn, S., Schmidt, E., Agyemang, D., Marfo, B., Addy, J., Mensah, E., and Solomon, A.W. (2022). Characterising spatial patterns of neglected tropical disease transmission using inte-grated sero-surveillance in Northern Ghana. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010227"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Widayati, A.N., Faozan, M., Widjaja, J., Erlan, A., Maksud, M. (2020, January 23\u201324). Implementation of the Schistosomiasis Control Team (Peda\u2019 Team) in Bada Highland, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Public Health 2020, Virtual."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/4\/86\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:36:37Z","timestamp":1774449397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/4\/86"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed11040086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed11040086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]}}}