{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:28:18Z","timestamp":1790814498645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) continues to pose a major challenge in Limpopo Province, a predominantly rural region of South Africa with high prevalence of HIV and mobility of the cross-border population. Despite the scale-up of short all-oral bedaquiline-based regimens, there is limited recent provincial evidence describing DR-TB epidemiological characteristics and treatment outcomes in the post-COVID-19 period. This study aimed to assess resistance patterns, treatment outcomes, and factors associated with unfavorable outcomes among patients with DR-TB in Limpopo Province from 2020 to 2024. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using routinely collected data from the Electronic Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Register (EDRWeb). All laboratory-confirmed DR-TB cases diagnosed between January 2020 and December 2024 were included. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and clinical characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of unfavorable outcomes (treatment failure, death, and loss to follow-up). Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis was used to estimate survival probability following treatment initiation. Results: A total of 1240 DR-TB cases were recorded, of which 1165 (94%) had documented treatment outcomes. Rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) predominated throughout the study period, accounting for 76% (951\/1240) of cases and remaining stable over time. Treatment success improved from 173\/260 (67%) in 2020 to 130\/166 (78%) in 2024, while loss to follow-up declined from 34\/260 (13%) to 4\/166 (2%). Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis showed that mortality occurred predominantly during the early phase of treatment. Patients receiving bedaquiline-containing regimens demonstrated significantly higher survival probability compared with those not receiving bedaquiline (log-rank p = 0.024; HR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35\u20130.94). In multivariable analysis, HIV infection was independently associated with unfavorable outcomes (aOR 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04\u20131.77; p = 0.025), while increasing age showed a modest association with poorer outcomes. Conclusions: Treatment outcomes for DR-TB improved over the study period, accompanied by declining loss to follow-up and improved survival. The survival advantage observed among patients receiving bedaquiline-containing regimens supports continued prioritization of bedaquiline-based treatment strategies in DR-TB management. Strengthening access to these regimens, alongside integrated HIV care, may further improve treatment outcomes in Limpopo Province and similar high-burden settings in South Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11040100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T08:49:02Z","timestamp":1776070142000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Limpopo Province, South Africa (2020\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ivy","family":"Rukasha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, Limpopo, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5351-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kabelo Gabriel","family":"Kaapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, Limpopo, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, November 18). 2024 Global Tuberculosis Report. 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