{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:49:14Z","timestamp":1785408554690,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institutional Research Office of Manila Central University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qq6yz91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) such as soil-transmitted helminthiasis, lymphatic filariasis, schistosomiasis, leprosy, rabies, and food-borne trematodiasis are endemic in the Philippines. Despite global and national elimination efforts, these six NTDs remain a persistent burden to the poor, those living in Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Areas (GIDAs), and other vulnerable groups. This narrative review synthesized data from Field Health Services Information System (FHSIS) reports of the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) from 2020 to 2024, the available literature from electronic databases, and DOH and WHO reports focusing on the challenges, barriers, and gaps in NTD control and elimination in the country. Core challenges include complex epidemiological landscapes, lapses in disease surveillance, infrastructure, and fragmented health care systems. Gaps include access to diagnostics, insufficient funding and human resource training, and scarcity of local studies focusing on endemic NTDs. With these challenges and gaps, this review highlights the need for a real-time feedback loop system in surveillance strategy, community-based interventions, full integration of NTDs in primary health care, and collaboration between government, NGOs and private entities. Addressing these challenges and gaps is key to shifting from control to elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11040106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1776443436000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neglected Tropical Diseases Elimination in the Philippines: Challenges and Gaps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6747-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine","family":"Abrazaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology, Manila Central University, Caloocan 1400, Metro Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3344-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"de Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology, Manila Central University, Caloocan 1400, Metro Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila Grace","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology, Manila Central University, Caloocan 1400, Metro Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Leo","family":"Dayrit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology, Manila Central University, Caloocan 1400, Metro Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6755-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daryl Christian","family":"Mejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology, Manila Central University, Caloocan 1400, Metro Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Mortel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology, Manila Central University, Caloocan 1400, Metro Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 17). Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases\/global-report-on-neglected-tropical-diseases-2024."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 17). Controlling and Eliminating Neglected Tropical Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/westernpacific\/activities\/controlling-and-eliminating-neglected-tropical-diseases."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 21). Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240114043."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lansang, M.P.M. (2026, January 02). RITM probes into infectious and neglected tropical diseases in PH; highlights vaccination in SEA and employee satisfaction among HCWs. Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, 18 June 2024, Available online: https:\/\/ritm.gov.ph\/ritm-probes-into-infectious-and-neglected-tropical-diseases-in-ph\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 30). Programme Managers Meeting on Neglected Tropical Diseases in Asia Subregion. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/RS-2018-GE-13-PHL."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, January 08). Strengthening Multi-Disease Elimination and Cross-Border Collaboration: Indonesia and Timor-Leste\u2019s Collaborative Approach in Eliminating Malaria and Lymphatic Filariasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/southeastasia\/news\/detail\/10-03-2025-strengthening-multi-disease-elimination-and-cross-border-collaboration--indonesia-and-timor-leste-s-collaborative-approach-in-eliminating-malaria-and-lymphatic-filariasis."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme (2026, January 02). Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https:\/\/www.undp.org\/philippines\/sustainable-development-goals."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, January 06). A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240010352."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00870-z","article-title":"The Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases in the Philippines: The Story Continues","volume":"10","author":"Mationg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, C.A., Acosta, L.P., Gray, D.J., Olveda, R.M., Jarilla, B., Gobert, G.N., Ross, A.G., and McManus, D.P. (2012). High Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Carabao from Samar Province, the Philippines: Implications for Transmission and Control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001778"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0638","article-title":"High Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Water Buffaloes in the Philippines Assessed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"82","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2020.28-33","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum Infections in Cattle and Water Buffaloes of Farming Communities of Koronadal City, Philippines","volume":"6","author":"Tenorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. One Health"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a, K.D. (2026, January 08). World Leprosy Day: Seeking an end to age-old disease even as COVID attacks. Inquirer, 31 January 2022. Available online: https:\/\/newsinfo.inquirer.net\/1547895\/world-leprosy-day-seeking-an-end-to-age-old-disease-even-as-covid-attacks."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/AJPHP.AJPHP_6_24","article-title":"Demographic, Clinical, and Microbiological Profile and Compliance to Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Patients with Hansen\u2019s Disease at a Tertiary Hospital and Sanitarium in Metro Manila: A 10-Year Review","volume":"2","author":"Tankeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J. Public Health Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 21). Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, March 06). Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/soil-transmitted-helminthiases."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"100974","article-title":"Risk Mapping and Socio-Ecological Drivers of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in the Philippines: A Spatial Modelling Study","volume":"43","author":"Tsheten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health-West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-025-01163-3","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Assessment of Soil-Transmitted Helminths Among the Rice and Vegetable Farmers of Panay, Capiz, Philippines: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"70","author":"Coronado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delos Trinos, J.P.C.R., Wulandari, L.P.L., Clarke, N., Belizario, V., Kaldor, J., and Nery, S.V. (2021). Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections, Schistosomiasis, and Lymphatic Filariasis Before and After Preventive Chemotherapy Initiation in the Philippines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010026"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"24","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Morbidity Control in Selected Communities in Eastern Visayas, Philippines: Post Haiyan","volume":"57","author":"Ladia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Med. Philipp."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105284","article-title":"Current Status of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in the Philippines","volume":"203","author":"Leonardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 08). Lymphatic Filariasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/lymphatic-filariasis."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Montemayor, M.T. (2026, March 06). DOH: 44 of 46 identified provinces in PH already filariasis-free. Philippine News Agency, 14 July 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.pna.gov.ph\/articles\/1205662."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabilin, E.J., Gray, D.J., Jiz, M.A., Mationg, M.L., Inobaya, M., Avenido-Cervantes, E., Sato, M., Sato, M.O., Sako, Y., and Mu, Y. (2025). Schistosomiasis in the Philippines: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology and Current Control. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10020029"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, X., Chen, Y., Chen, K., Lin, L., Zhong, J., Shan, C., Liu, M., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., and Li, H. (2025). Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis in the Philippines from a Health Education Perspective. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1558564"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.4103\/apjtm.apjtm_100_24","article-title":"Addressing Schistosomiasis in the Philippines: Need for a Coordinated Intersectoral Effort","volume":"17","author":"Abeleda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"75","article-title":"The 2013\u20132015 Nationwide Prevalence Survey of Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) and Schistosomiasis among School-Age Children in Public Schools in the Philippines","volume":"23","author":"Tangcalagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. Philipp. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2022.8-19","article-title":"The Status of Schistosomiasis Japonica Control in the Philippines: The Need for an Integrated Approach to Address a Multidimensional Problem","volume":"8","author":"Belizario","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. One Health"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chan, J.M.P., Chan, H., and Flores, M.C. (2021). Status of schistosomiasis in the Philippines: Prevalence, control and innovative methods for detection and elimination. DLSU Research Congress, De La Salle University."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.06.010","article-title":"Geographical Distribution of Human Schistosoma japonicum Infection in the Philippines: Tools to Support Disease Control and Further Elimination","volume":"44","author":"Salamat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.03.015","article-title":"New Endemic Foci of Schistosomiasis Infections in the Philippines","volume":"141","author":"Leonardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06782-3","article-title":"Decoding the Impact of Environmental Shifts on Snail Density Dynamics in the Yangtze River Basin: A 26-Year Study","volume":"18","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00826-3","article-title":"Impact of Micro-Environmental Factors on Survival, Reproduction and Distribution of Oncomelania Hupensis Snails","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adekiya, T.A., Aruleba, R.T., Oyinloye, B.E., Okosun, K.O., and Kappo, A.P. (2019). The Effect of Climate Change and the Snail-Schistosome Cycle in Transmission and Bio-Control of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010181"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (2026, January 09). Climate of the Philippines, Available online: https:\/\/www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph\/information\/climate-philippines."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2022.100480","article-title":"Changes of Extreme Precipitation in the Philippines, Projected from the CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensemble","volume":"37","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"101156","article-title":"Rabies in the Philippines: A Call to Action","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health-West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, January 07). Rabies. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rabies."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (2026, January 07). Rabies-Free Philippines, Still Possible, Available online: https:\/\/www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph\/news_and_updates\/rabies-free-philippines-still-possible\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00351-x","article-title":"Background and Descriptive Features of Rabies-Suspected Animals in Central Luzon, Philippines","volume":"49","author":"Mananggit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01759","article-title":"Pet Owners\u2019 Awareness on RA 9482 (Anti-Rabies Act of 2007) in Magalang, Pampanga Philippines","volume":"5","author":"Magsino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (2026, January 02). National Rabies Prevention and Control Program Stategic Plan 2020\u20132025. Available online: https:\/\/rr-asia.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2020\/03\/final-mtp-rabies_philippines.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 28). Leprosy. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leprosy."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPP72FJZZRRVMM","article-title":"A New Mycobacterium Species Causing Diffuse Lepromatous Leprosy","volume":"130","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2021.12.3.858","article-title":"Epidemiological Review of Leprosy in WHO\u2019s Western Pacific Region: 1991\u20132019","volume":"12","author":"Rahevar","year":"2021","journal-title":"West. Pac. Surveill. Response"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"National Nutrition Council (2026, January 08). Leprosy Remains a Hidden, Persistent Problem in the Philippines, Available online: https:\/\/nnc.gov.ph\/visayas-region\/leprosy-remains-a-hidden-persistent-problem-in-the-philippines\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Global leprosy situation, 2012. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 87, 317\u2013328."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ramos, A.J.O. (2025, December 29). Leprosy in the Philippines: History, Disease, and Challenges. The Filipino Doctor, n.d.. Available online: https:\/\/thefilipinodoctor.com\/article\/leprosy-in-the-philippines-history-disease-and-challenges."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 30). World Leprosy Day 2016: Tackling Stigma and Discrimination in the Philippines. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/philippines\/news\/feature-stories\/detail\/world-leprosy-day-2016-tackling-stigma-and-discrimination-in-the-philippines."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricarte, D.R., Cambronero, J.M., Lorico, C.H., Santos, H.J., Arce, N.S., and De Cadiz, A.E. (2025). First Report of Isolapotamon sp. as a Potential Intermediate Host of Paragonimus westermani in Davao Oriental, Philippines. Parasitologia, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/parasitologia5040067"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01340-3","article-title":"Paragonimus westermani Infection of Freshwater Crab Sundathelphusa philippina and Melaniid Snails in Cadacan River in Irosin, Sorsogon, Philippines","volume":"45","author":"Paller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3304RN","article-title":"A Focus of Human Infection by Haplorchis taichui (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in the Southern Philippines","volume":"90","author":"Belizario","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, C.A., Acosta, L.P., Gobert, G.N., Jiz, M., Olveda, R.M., Ross, A.G., Gray, D.J., Williams, G.M., Harn, D., and Li, Y. (2015). High Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciola gigantica in Bovines from Northern Samar, the Philippines. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003108"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105940","article-title":"Prevalence and Spatial Distribution of Heterophyidiasis in Southern Philippines","volume":"220","author":"Moendeg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 07). Yaws. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/yaws."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0617-6","article-title":"Yaws in the Philippines: First Reported Cases since the 1970s","volume":"9","author":"Dofitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 04). A Sustainability Framework for Action Against Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030. Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240019027."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397829","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2024.2397829","article-title":"Staying the Course: Reflections on the Progress and Challenges of the UHC Law in the Philippines","volume":"10","author":"Co","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Syst. Reform"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"U.S. Embassy Manila (2026, January 06). Visiting USAID Official Highlights U.S.-Philippine Partnership in Health, Available online: https:\/\/ph.usembassy.gov\/visiting-usaid-official-highlights-u-s-philippine-partnership-in-health\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (2026, January 06). Japan, Republic of Korea, United States Announce Partnership to Improve Health Outcomes in BARMM. Available online: https:\/\/www.jica.go.jp\/english\/overseas\/philippine\/information\/press\/2024\/1552374_53492.html."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00797-3","article-title":"A Qualitative Evaluation of Access to Essential Laboratory Services for Communicable Diseases at the Primary Health Care Level in the Western Pacific Region","volume":"53","author":"Mupunga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, B., De Vera, P., Abrazaldo, J., and Ng, C. (2025). Flood-Associated Disease Outbreaks and Transmission in Southeast Asia. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1694246"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (2026, January 09). RabDash DC: Rabies Data Analytics Dashboard, Available online: https:\/\/www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph\/heartnovation\/rabdash-dc-rabies-data-analytics-dashboard\/."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00783-9","article-title":"Leveraging Geographic Information System for Dengue Surveillance: A Scoping Review","volume":"53","author":"Pai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rysava, K., Espineda, J., Silo, E.A.V., Carino, S., Aringo, A.M., Bernales, R.P., Adonay, F.F., Tildesley, M.J., and Hampson, K. (2022). One Health Surveillance for Rabies: A Case Study of Integrated Bite Case Management in Albay Province, Philippines. Front. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.787524"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Uleb, V.G., Talamayan, J.T., Casas, L.D., Villasenor, J.M., and Bacatan, E. (2026, January 09). The Last-Mile Challenge: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in the Philippines, Available online: https:\/\/pidswebs.pids.gov.ph\/CDN\/document\/pidsdps2419.pdf."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Aagaard-Hansen, J., and Chaignat, C.L. (2010). Neglected tropical diseases: Equity and social determinants. Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/researchprofiles.ku.dk\/en\/publications\/neglected-tropical-diseases-equity-and-social-determinants\/."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2007000200019","article-title":"Prevalence and Spatial Distribution of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in a Rural Amazonian Settlement, Acre State, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Muniz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0261","article-title":"Challenges and Strategies for Mainstreaming Neglected Tropical Diseases Campaign Interventions in Ethiopia","volume":"112","author":"Hailu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100758","article-title":"One Health in the Philippines: A Review and Situational Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Dayapera","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.01.011","article-title":"National Survey Data for Zoonotic Schistosomiasis in the Philippines Grossly Underestimates the True Burden of Disease within Endemic Zones: Implications for Future Control","volume":"45","author":"Olveda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43024","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20079-3","article-title":"Impact of Energy Efficiency, Technology Innovation, Institutional Quality, and Trade Openness on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Ten Asian Economies","volume":"30","author":"Wenlong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002788","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2024-002788","article-title":"Impact of Primary Care System Interventions on Healthcare Worker Satisfaction and Intention to Stay in the Philippines: A Follow-up Study","volume":"13","author":"Javelosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Ateneo de Manila University (2026, January 08). Ateneo study highlights workforce hurdles to Universal Health Care in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University, 22 May 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.ateneo.edu\/news\/2025\/05\/22\/ateneo-study-highlights-workforce-hurdles-universal-health-care-philippines."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100582","article-title":"Development and Psychometric Validation of the Frontline Health Workers\u2019 Occupational Risk and Characteristics in Emergencies Index (FORCE-Index)\u2014The Covid Hospital Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Stensland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health Pract."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6938a3","article-title":"Update: Characteristics of Health Care Personnel with COVID-19\u2014United States, February 12\u2013July 16, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01223-2","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Scoping Review","volume":"13","author":"Butala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"56","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19, Vaccination Ratio, and Human Population on the Reported Canine Rabies Cases in Davao City, Philippines: A Panel Regression Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Evangelio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Med. Philipp."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab123","article-title":"Rabies and the Pandemic: Lessons for One Health","volume":"116","author":"Nadal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2022.7034","article-title":"Stigma and Self-Concept of Leprosy Patients","volume":"10","author":"Lufianti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pudasainee, M., Paneru, D.P., Acharya, B., Sharma, P., Khanal, A., Rana, B., Adhikari, S., and Adhikari, C. (2025). Acceptability of Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis in Baglung Municipality of Nepal: A Mixed-Method Study. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004910"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-018-0141-0","article-title":"Use of Mobile Technology-Based Participatory Mapping Approaches to Geolocate Health Facility Attendees for Disease Surveillance in Low Resource Settings","volume":"17","author":"Fornace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2020.11.1.014","article-title":"Early Response to COVID-19 in the Philippines","volume":"12","author":"Amit","year":"2021","journal-title":"West. Pac. Surveill. Response"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Responding to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines","volume":"6","author":"McPherson","year":"2015","journal-title":"West. Pac. Surveill. Response"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasparis, E., Huang, Y., Lin, W., and Vasilakis, C. (2021). Improving Timeliness in the Neglected Tropical Diseases Preventive Chemotherapy Donation Supply Chain through Information Sharing: A Retrospective Empirical Analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.03.446886"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"40","article-title":"Towards a Drug Distributor Price Reference Index: A 2023 Survey of Pricing Discrepancies for Region 02 Medicines Procured from NCR and Local Distributors, Philippines","volume":"15","author":"Chua","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Dimacali, T.J. (2026, March 22). Gov\u2019t to shut down Project NOAH. GMA News Online, 29 January 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.gmanetwork.com\/news\/scitech\/science\/597540\/gov-t-to-shut-down-project-noah\/story\/."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfavayi, L.T., Osakunor, D.N.M., Chiombola, C.E., and Mutapi, F. (2025). Identifying Gaps in the Care and Management of NTD Morbidity, Disability and Disfigurement in Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013834"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"71","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines: Its Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control, and Elimination","volume":"3","author":"Tenorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res. Dev. Ext. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glohj.2025.06.006","article-title":"Global Health Development Aid Initiatives and the Quality of Medical Laboratory Services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Review","volume":"9","author":"Musuka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Health J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-2-1","article-title":"Elimination of Tropical Disease Through Surveillance and Response","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hietanen, H., Pfavayi, L.T., and Mutapi, F. (2025). Unlocking the Blueprint to Eliminating Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Review of Efforts in 50 Countries That Have Eliminated at Least 1 NTD. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013424"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"177","article-title":"Surveillance of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis in the Philippines: Review of Current Policies, Guidelines, and Practices","volume":"55","author":"Belizario","year":"2024","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.20517\/ohir.2023.02","article-title":"Using Integrated Bite Case Management to Estimate the Burden of Rabies and Evaluate Surveillance in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines","volume":"3","author":"Swedberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health Implement. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0361-8","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases: Exploring Long Term Practical Approaches to Achieve Sustainable Disease Elimination and Beyond","volume":"6","author":"Ortu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2021.957","article-title":"Use of Geographic Information System as a Tool for Schistosomiasis Surveillance in an Endemic Municipality in Eastern Samar, the Philippines","volume":"16","author":"Belizario","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54255-5","article-title":"Combining Genomics and Epidemiology to Investigate a Zoonotic Outbreak of Rabies in Romblon Province, Philippines","volume":"15","author":"Yuson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/4\/106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:45:30Z","timestamp":1776444330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/4\/106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed11040106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed11040106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}