{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:35:13Z","timestamp":1777376113991,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives:\u00a0Escherichia coli bacteremia is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. The increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) complicates management and resource utilization. This study aimed to identify clinical predictors of higher hospital costs in E. coli bacteremia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients with E. coli bacteremia in Surabaya, Indonesia (2022\u20132024). Hospital costs were categorized into bed costs, diagnostic costs, pharmacy costs, antibiotic costs, total costs, and daily costs. Costs were compared between ESBL and non-ESBL cases. Predictors of higher hospital costs were analyzed using generalized linear models with a Gamma distribution and log-link. Results: Among 209 patients, 131 (62.7%) had ESBL-producing E. coli. ESBL E. coli bacteremia was associated with significantly higher bed, diagnostic, pharmacy, total, and daily hospital costs than non-ESBL cases, while antibiotic costs were similar. ESBL E. coli bacteremia was associated with higher diagnostic and daily costs. High-care\/ICU stay was the strongest predictor of increased costs. Pneumonia and infection source influenced cost components. Longer hospitalization increased total cost but reduced daily cost. Conclusions: Hospital costs in Escherichia coli bacteremia are driven by antimicrobial resistance, disease severity, and healthcare utilization. Targeted strategies such as antimicrobial stewardship and optimized critical care use are essential to reduce the economic burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11050116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1777362576000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hospital Cost Components and Predictors in Escherichia coli Bacteremia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9869-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tri Pudy","family":"Asmarawati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Programme of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6732-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fikri Sasongko","family":"Widyatama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hari Basuki","family":"Notobroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwin Astha","family":"Triyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasronudin","family":"Nasronudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Institute Tropical of Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoyuki","family":"Sugai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4897-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuntaman","family":"Kuntaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia"},{"name":"Institute Tropical of Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa210","article-title":"Epidemiology of Escherichia coli Bacteremia: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"72","author":"Bonten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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