{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:49:02Z","timestamp":1785408542287,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No 800176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 800176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["No 800176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 800176"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019af4n30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No 800176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 800176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["No 800176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 800176"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g1x4v36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016302","name":"Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INAN1901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INAN1901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["INAN1901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INAN1901"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02j9wvt50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Malaria remains hyperendemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, while arboviral infections are increasingly reported but remain under-surveilled, particularly in remote regions. Overlapping ecological niches and non-specific clinical presentations complicate case management and surveillance. Methods: A cross-sectional door-to-door survey was conducted in December 2023 in Inkanamongo village (Lokolia Health Area, Boende Health Zone, Tshuapa Province). Blood samples were collected from 379 adults; malaria infection was assessed by using HRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests, and arboviral IgG antibodies were measured on dried blood spots using Luminex\u00ae multiplex immunoassay. Sociodemographic data were collected via standardized questionnaires. Results: Malaria prevalence was 51.7% (95%CI: 46.7\u201356.7). Overall arboviral seroprevalence reached 78.4% (95%CI: 73.1\u201381.5), dominated by O\u2019nyong-nyong virus, 42.8% (95%CI: 37.6\u201347.5), Rift Valley fever virus, 32.0% (95%CI: 26.9\u201336.2), and chikungunya virus, 23.4% (95%CI: 19.0\u201327.4). Concurrent malaria infection and arboviral exposure were observed in 40.4% (95%CI: 35.6\u201345.4) of participants. No sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with co-exposure in the multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Substantial co-exposure of malaria and multiple arboviruses occurs in this remote Congo Basin setting. Integrated surveillance and improved diagnostics are urgently needed to guide febrile illness management and preparedness in under-resourced regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11050122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T10:01:30Z","timestamp":1777975290000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum Malaria and Arbovirus Co-Exposure in the Boende Health Zone, Northwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Solange Milolo","family":"Tshilumba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ynke","family":"Larivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tr\u00e9sor","family":"Zola Matuvanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"Mutwadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danoff","family":"Engbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain","family":"Kapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"},{"name":"Institut One Health pour l\u2019Afrique, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2879-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwen","family":"Lemey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7174-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Salloum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeliss","family":"Champagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research on HIV and Endemic and Emerging Infectious Diseases (TransVIHMI), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daddy","family":"Mangungulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3307-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hypolite","family":"Muhindo-Mavoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivi Maketa","family":"Tevuzula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 01306, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7023-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Mari\u00ebn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Virus Ecology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research on HIV and Endemic and Emerging Infectious Diseases (TransVIHMI), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, 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