{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T08:48:35Z","timestamp":1785746915820,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Capacity Development","award":["DEL-22-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-22-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.","TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread circulation of the Anopheles vector is observed during the rainy season and clearly decreases during the dry season, when only a few mosquitoes are able to survive. This study aimed to identify the major species sustaining continued malaria transmission across seasons. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a malaria-endemic area. Mosquitoes were captured in Faladie using pyrethroid spray catches during rainy and dry seasons. The collected mosquitoes were identified using morphological keys, combined with molecular techniques such as PCR-RFLP (IGS regions) for Anopheles (An.) gambiae s.l. identification. Plasmodium spp. positivity in each mosquito was characterized by qPCR using parasite 18 S genes. A total of 1082 and 1705 mosquitoes were captured inside the same houses in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. In the rainy season, 454 (41.9%) were Anopheles, 624 (57.7%) Culex and 4 (0.4%) Aedes. During the dry season, 65 (3.81%) mosquitoes were Anopheles, while 1,640 (96.19%) were Culex. Morphologically, the anopheline population consisted of 100% An. gambiae s.l. The Anopheles species diversity in the rainy season comprised the sister taxa, An. gambiae s.s. and An. Coluzzii, followed by an An. gambiae\/An. coluzzii hybrid and An. arabiensis. However, An. coluzzii was found as the only vector across the rainy and dry seasons that sustained malaria transmission. Plasmodium falciparum infection rates were 9.7% and 1.7%, respectively, for the rainy and dry seasons. An. coluzzii species can survive both the dry and the rainy seasons and sustain malaria through cross-seasonal transmission. This highlights the importance of tackling An. coluzzii species and residual malaria transmission to eradicate the disease in endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11080216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T08:04:59Z","timestamp":1785744299000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Malaria Vectors\u2019 Diversity and Seasonality in Sustaining Disease Transmission in an Endemic Area of Faladie, Mali"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8026-4158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatalmoudou","family":"Tandina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safiatou Niare","family":"Doumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-2917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moussa","family":"Djimd\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9kou","family":"Sissoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Privat","family":"Agniwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche pour la Lutte Contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT\/TIDRC), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 03, Cotonou 4177, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5151-6945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amagoron Mathias","family":"Dolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdrahamane S.","family":"Kamat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3158-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amatigue","family":"Zeguime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salif","family":"Yirampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boucary","family":"Ouologuem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aichata","family":"Demb\u00e9l\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawa","family":"Demb\u00e9l\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Tour\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Kaloga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-6093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francois","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siaka","family":"Goita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1395-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamadou M.","family":"Tekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2679-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahamadou A.","family":"Thera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4101-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdoulaye K.","family":"Kon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0062-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdoulaye A.","family":"Djimd\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Dembele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Microbes Research and Training Center (PMRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101073","article-title":"WHO world malaria report 2024","volume":"6","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11974-3","article-title":"Stratification at the health district level for targeting malaria control interventions in Mali","volume":"12","author":"Cissoko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dao, F., Dembele, L., Diarra, B., Sogore, F., Marin-Menendez, A., Goita, S., Haidara, A.S., Barre, Y.N., Sangare, C.P.O., and Kone, A. (2023). The Prevalence of Human Plasmodium Species during Peak Transmission Seasons from 2016 to 2021 in the Rural Commune of Ntjiba, Mali. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8090438"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dao, F., Niangaly, A., Sogore, F., Wague, M., Dabitao, D., Goita, S., Hadara, A.S., Diakite, O., Maiga, M., and O Maiga, F. (2025). Malian field isolates provide insight into Plasmodium malariae intra-erythrocytic development and invasion. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012790"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2026, May 13). Les Anoph\u00e8les\u2014IRD \u00c9ditions [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/10374."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3045-8","article-title":"Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa","volume":"11","author":"Tandina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03650-0","article-title":"Indoor and outdoor malaria transmission in two ecological settings in rural Mali: Implications for vector control","volume":"20","author":"Doumbia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13987","article-title":"Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations","volume":"516","author":"Dao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Robert, V., Ndiaye, E.H., Rahola, N., Le Goff, G., Bouss\u00e8s, P., Diallo, D., Le Goff, V., Mariam\u00e9, L., and Diallo, M. (2022). Cl\u00e9s Dichotomiques Illustr\u00e9es D\u2019identification des Femelles et des Larves de Moustiques (Diptera: Culicidae) du Burkina Faso, Cap-Vert, Gambie, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et Tchad, IRD."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00393.x","article-title":"Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP","volume":"16","author":"Fanello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0542-5","article-title":"Molecular detection of human Plasmodium species in Sabah using PlasmoNexTM multiplex PCR and hydrolysis probes real-time PCR","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potlapalli, V.R., Muller, M.S., Ngasala, B., Ali, I.M., Na, Y.B., Williams, D.R., Kharabora, O., Chhetri, S., Liu, M.S., and Carey-Ewend, K. (2023). Real-time PCR detection of mixed Plasmodium ovale curtisi and wallikeri infections in human and mosquito hosts. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011274"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-8","article-title":"Host choice and human blood index of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in a village of the Andean valleys of Bolivia","volume":"6","author":"Lardeux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2012.04.002","article-title":"Dry season reproductive depression of Anopheles gambiae in the Sahel","volume":"58","author":"Yaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaro, A.S., Linton, Y.-M., Dao, A., Diallo, M., Sanogo, Z.L., Samake, D., Ousmane, Y., Kouam, C., Krajacich, B.J., and Faiman, R. (2022). Diversity, composition, altitude, and seasonality of high-altitude windborne migrating mosquitoes in the Sahel: Implications for disease transmission. Front. Epidemiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2022.1001782"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_23_25","article-title":"Host preferences, bloodmeal sources, and gonotrophic cycles of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in rural South West Nigeria","volume":"63","author":"Ajayi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04982-3","article-title":"The behaviour of adult Anopheles gambiae, sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s principal malaria vector, and its relevance to malaria control: A review","volume":"23","author":"Takken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13693","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13693","article-title":"Host preference patterns in domestic and wild settings: Insights into Anopheles feeding behavior","volume":"17","author":"Bouafou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St. Laurent, B. (2025). Mosquito vector diversity and malaria transmission. Front. Malar., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmala.2025.1600850"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51660","DOI":"10.2196\/51660","article-title":"Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention Therapy in Children Up To 9 Years of Age: Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized Trial Study","volume":"13","author":"Toure","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durand, B., Modou, M.L., Tran, A., Ba, A., Sow, F., Belkhiria, J., Fall, A.G., Biteye, B., Grosbois, V., and Chevalier, V. (2020). Rift Valley fever in northern Senegal: A modelling approach to analyse the processes underlying virus circulation recurrence. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008009"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1384","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1384","article-title":"Rift valley fever (RVF) viral zoonotic disease steadily circulates in the Mauritanian animals and humans: A narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry, Y., Metz, M., Krisztian, L., Haas, J., Brunn, V.-L., Beyit, A.D., El Bara, A., Beyat, A.B.E.M., Habiboulah, H., and Neteler, M. (2025). Local drivers of Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Mauritania: A one health approach combining ecological, vector, host and livestock movement data. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013553"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/8\/216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T08:35:30Z","timestamp":1785746130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/8\/216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed11080216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed11080216","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}