{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:46:11Z","timestamp":1785923171468,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. DoD Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division","award":["P0130_23_N6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0130_23_N6"]}]},{"name":"Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch","award":["P0052_24_N6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0052_24_N6"]}]},{"name":"Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch","award":["P0120_24_N6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0120_24_N6"]}]},{"name":"Microbiology Research Institute, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xyve152","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Laboratory (LIM-50) of the Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036rp1748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.","TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrated One Health studies are essential for assessing the risks of leishmaniasis transmission. In Honduras, the most prevalent clinical presentation of leishmaniasis is the non-ulcerated cutaneous form caused by Leishmania infantum; however, research on its transmission dynamics remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis and identify potential zoonotic risk factors in the municipality of Ojos de Agua, Department of Comayagua, central Honduras, using a One Health approach. We collected sand flies using CDC light traps placed in intra- and peridomestic settings of households with a history of leishmaniasis. Concurrently, we evaluated domestic dogs and collected blood samples for serological and molecular testing. We also conducted active surveillance among community residents to identify human infections. We collected a total of 644 phlebotomine sand flies, including 186 females. We identified eight sandfly species, with Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis as the predominant species, followed by Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) evansi. Among the 64 engorged females screened, the overall PCR positivity rate for Leishmania spp. was 14.1% (9\/64). Blood meal analysis of PCR-positive sand flies identified humans and pigs as blood and meal sources. Additionally, 18.6% (8\/43) of domestic dogs were seropositive for Leishmania spp., and 23.3% (10\/43) tested positive by PCR. DNA sequencing identified the infecting species as Leishmania infantum. We detected no active human cases during the study period. These findings highlight the value of a One Health approach for improving transmission risk monitoring in newly emerging areas with a history of ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11080219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1785917686000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in Sand Flies and Assessment of Zoonotic Transmission Risk in Central Honduras: A One Health Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Alc\u00e1ntara-Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Institute, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2159-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo O.","family":"Valdivia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista 07006, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gissella M.","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista 07006, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0574-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Institute, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Zoon\u00f3ticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3867-9525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista 07006, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adalid","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista 07006, Peru"},{"name":"Culmen International, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Houghton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmico, Biol\u00f3gico y Salud, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Campus Comayagua, Comayagua 12101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan Iv\u00e1n","family":"Izaguirre Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Posgrados, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Centroamericana, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1080-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia D.","family":"Laurenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1387-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilfredo","family":"Sosa-Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Institute, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"},{"name":"Maestr\u00eda de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Zoon\u00f3ticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7625.1000207","article-title":"Sandfly and leishmaniasis: A review","volume":"6","author":"Ghazanfar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ecosyst. Ecography"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., Boer, M.d., and Team, W.L.C. (2012). Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630812","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/630812","article-title":"Distribution of human leishmaniasis (VL) and its associated risk factors, in Metemma, Ethiopia","volume":"2015","author":"Terefe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"7","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednico-epidemiol\u00f3gica de pacientes con Leishmaniasis atendidos en el Hospital Escuela","volume":"77","author":"Matute","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Hondur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0107","article-title":"Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peruvian Military Personnel Undertaking Training Activities in the Amazon Basin, 2010","volume":"93","author":"Cabrera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2605-7","article-title":"Bionomic aspects of Lutzomyia evansi and Lutzomyia longipalpis, proven vectors of Leishmania infantum in an endemic area of non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras","volume":"11","author":"Mejia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90734-7","article-title":"Leishmania donovani chagasi: New clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras","volume":"337","author":"Ponce","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosa-Ochoa, W., Zuniga, C., Chaves, L.F., Araujo Flores, G.V., Sandoval Pacheco, C.M., Ribeiro da Matta, V.L., Pereira Corbett, C.E., Tobias Silveira, F., and Dalastra Laurenti, M. (2020). Clinical and Immunological Features of Human Leishmania (L.) infantum-Infection, Novel Insights Honduras, Central America. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070554"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-025-00264-1","article-title":"A comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic taxonomic review of Leishmania (Leishmania) poncei n. sp. (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae): A novel agent of cutaneous (non-ulcerated) and visceral leishmaniasis in Honduras, Central America","volume":"11","author":"Silveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04462-y","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in Pintomyia evansi and Lutzomyia longipalpis in Honduras","volume":"13","author":"Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"PAHO\/WHO (2024). Leishmaniasis: Epidemiological Report on the Region of the Americas. No. 13, December 2024, La Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud (PAHO)."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Instituto de Enfermedades y Parasitolog\u00eda antonio Vidal (2009). Manual de Manejo de Enfermedades Parasitarias Prioritarias en Honduras, AZER Impresos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.660.10508","article-title":"Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): Genera, species, and their distribution","volume":"660","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2017","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, D.G., and Duran, M.A. (1994). Guide to the Identification and Geographic Distribution of Lutzomyia Sand Flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae), The Associated Publishers.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA285737"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania (L.) chagasi in canine skin","volume":"178","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.03.017","article-title":"Asymptomatic dogs are highly competent to transmit Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi to the natural vector","volume":"196","author":"Laurenti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202365024","article-title":"Can domestic dogs be considered a good reservoir of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in an endemic area of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Honduras?","volume":"65","author":"Segura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (INE) (2018). Estad\u00edsticas Oficiales: Municipio de Ojos de Agua, INE."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.001","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel chromatographic immunoassay based on Dual-Path Platform technology (DPP\u00ae CVL rapid test) for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"106","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.002","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the DPP((R)) CVL rapid test for canine serodiagnosis in area of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"205","author":"Laurenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galati, E.A. (2018). Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae): Classification, morphology and terminology of adults and identification of American taxa. Brazilian Sand Flies: Biology, Taxonomy, Medical Importance and Control, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75544-1_2"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"195","article-title":"M\u00e9todos para medir la biodiversidad","volume":"85","author":"Escalante","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Mex."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"46","article-title":"Modification of shannon-wiener diversity index towards quantitative estimation of environmental wellness and biodiversity levels under a non-comparative Scenario","volume":"9","author":"Omayio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.593","article-title":"First report of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) neivai (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) naturally infected by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in a periurban area of south Brazil using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay","volume":"80","author":"Souza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.011","article-title":"Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"137","author":"Francino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2001.4592","article-title":"Leishmania donovani: Intraspecific polymorphisms of Sudanese isolates revealed by PCR-based analyses and DNA sequencing","volume":"97","author":"Mauricio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"607287","article-title":"ITS1 PCR-RFLP Diagnosis and Characterization of Leishmania in Clinical Samples and Strains from Cases of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in States of the Mexican Southeast","volume":"2014","author":"Nasereddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.131576","article-title":"Triatoma sanguisuga blood meals and potential for Chagas disease, Louisiana, USA","volume":"20","author":"Waleckx","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0458","article-title":"Vector blood meals are an early indicator of the effectiveness of the Ecohealth approach in halting Chagas transmission in Guatemala","volume":"88","author":"Pellecer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22455-x","article-title":"Detailed ecological associations of triatomines revealed by metabarcoding and next-generation sequencing: Implications for triatomine behavior and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles","volume":"8","author":"Dumonteil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13580","article-title":"Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum: Integration of human, animal and environmental data through a One Health approach","volume":"67","author":"Sampedro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niba Rawlings, N., Bailey, M., and Courtenay, O. (2025). Leishmaniasis in deployed military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012680"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Unidad de Vigilancia de la Salud de Comayagua (SESAL), Comayagua, Honduras Unpublished epidemiological data on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Comayagua. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"691","article-title":"Parasitic diseases and urban development","volume":"68","author":"Mott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"211","article-title":"Transmision de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria en la Argentina","volume":"66","author":"Orellano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"44","article-title":"Influencia del cambio clim\u00e1tico sobre la transmisi\u00f3n de leishmaniasis en Latinoam\u00e9rica y el estatus de la investigaci\u00f3n en M\u00e9xico","volume":"34","author":"Pacheco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Biom\u00e9d."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.04.001","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis\u2013new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: Part one","volume":"24","author":"Baneth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90510-X","article-title":"Studies on canine leishmaniasis control. 1. Evolution of infection of different clinical forms of canine leishmaniasis following antimonial treatment","volume":"82","author":"Mancianti","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813352","article-title":"Behaviour of Lutzomyia longipalpis in an area of southern Honduras endemic for visceral\/atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"92","author":"Carrasco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000700008","article-title":"Sand flies of Nicaragua: A checklist and reports of new collections","volume":"105","author":"Raymond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90142-2","article-title":"Lutzomyia evansi, an alternate vector of Leishmania chagasi in a Colombian focus of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"84","author":"Travi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.06.002","article-title":"Observations on the feeding habits of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Campo Grande, an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"107","author":"Consales","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2613-2","article-title":"Leishmania mortality in sand fly blood meal is not species-specific and does not result from direct effect of proteinases","volume":"11","author":"Pruzinova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosma, C., Maia, C., Khan, N., Infantino, M., and Del Riccio, M. (2024). Leishmaniasis in Humans and Animals: A One Health Approach for Surveillance, Prevention and Control in a Changing World. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9110258"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.008","article-title":"Zoonoses of people and their pets: A US perspective on significant pet-associated parasitic diseases","volume":"26","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.65329\/wjeb.v14.01.01","article-title":"Zoonosis: Back to the Future of Parasites, Humans, and Living Together, such is their Destiny","volume":"14","author":"Vincent","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Exp. Biosci."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/8\/219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:08:57Z","timestamp":1785920937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/8\/219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed11080219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed11080219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}}}