{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:15:57Z","timestamp":1788412557604,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f80g185","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.","TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measles remains a public-health concern where immunity gaps and incomplete vaccination coverage persist. This study assessed household and geographic factors associated with laboratory-confirmed measles among suspected cases in three Zambian provinces. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted during measles outbreaks in five selected districts across Luapula, Northern and Northwestern provinces. Suspected cases meeting the IDSR case definition were consecutively enrolled. Blood samples were collected, transported to the UTH Virology Laboratory, and tested using procured IgG test kits. Participant characteristics were summarised descriptively. Bayesian logistic regression estimated associations between laboratory-confirmed (IgG positive) measles and age, sex, vaccination status, household size and previous measles history, with province added in a second model. Results were reported as posterior odds ratios with 95% credible intervals. Among the 172 suspected cases, 45 (26.2%) were laboratory confirmed (IgG positive). Vaccination status was verified using caregiver-provided immunization cards; status was unknown for 110 (64.0%) participants (all of whom tested negative), reflecting missing vaccination documentation. Vaccinated participants had 93% lower adjusted odds of laboratory-confirmed measles than unvaccinated participants (adjusted posterior OR: 0.07, 95% CrI: 0.02\u20130.18). Adjusted posterior probabilities were consistently lower among vaccinated participants across all three provinces (34% to 49%) than among unvaccinated participants (86% to 92%). Age, sex and household size were not clearly associated with measles positivity. All four participants reporting a previous measles history tested positive, and the unadjusted association was significant using Fisher\u2019s exact test (p = 0.004). Vaccination status was most strongly associated with laboratory-confirmed measles, with substantially lower adjusted odds among vaccinated participants. These findings reinforce the importance of measles vaccination in outbreak prevention and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11090248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:19:26Z","timestamp":1788232766000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measles Immunoglobulin G Positivity and Associated Factors Among Suspected Cases in Three Selected Zambian Provinces: A Bayesian Logistic Regression Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla Nkonde","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-5609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Daka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Copperbelt University, Kitwe 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5755-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Simusika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Azibadighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3243, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9388-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Chileshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9986-7661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah","family":"Kamulaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davie","family":"Simwaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma","family":"Chilengi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Measles Outbreak: Knowledge, Vaccine Hesitancy, Health-Seeking Practices among Caregivers of Children with Measles and Factors Associated with Measles Transmission in Sanyati District, Zimbabwe, 2022","volume":"51","author":"Munetsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016647","article-title":"Impact of Measles Vaccination Strategies on Vaccination Rates in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yitbarek","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-021-01590-2","article-title":"Measles Outbreak Investigation Process in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Methods and Costs of Contact Tracing","volume":"30","author":"Mbivnjo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z. Gesundh. Wiss."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, July 26). The Measles Rubella Post-Campaign Coverage Survey Disseminated. 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Vaccin Immunother."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/9\/248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:28:44Z","timestamp":1788409724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/11\/9\/248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed11090248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed11090248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}