{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:04:08Z","timestamp":1789383848168,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["ID-069-CSH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID-069-CSH"]}]},{"award":["ID-069-CSH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID-069-CSH"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03yh1tp98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.","TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transmission of water, vector, and foodborne diseases tends to increase with climate variability, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities. Globally, this dynamic contributes to adverse health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries such as Mozambique. Nevertheless, the influence of climate variability on disease patterns remains unclear. We assessed the potential relationship between climate variables and diseases, including diarrheal diseases, malaria, and malnutrition, in four districts around the Revu\u00e8 sub-basin. An ecological, longitudinal, retrospective study conducted from 2016 to 2024 used secondary weekly disease data and annual malnutrition records. We applied a Generalized Additive Model framework to evaluate non-linear associations between climate factors and disease case counts. Our main findings showed that while higher maximum temperature was associated with increased cumulative malaria case counts, cumulative and heavy rainfall (~100 mm\/week) was associated with decreased diarrheal disease case counts. Higher prevalence of moderate acute malnutrition is associated with a decrease in annual mean total precipitation (p = 0.0062). In contrast, higher prevalence of severe acute malnutrition is associated with a decrease in annual mean temperature (p = 0.0312). This study contributes to understanding climate variables associated with water, vector, and foodborne diseases, enhancing our understanding of factors contributing to overall food insecurity and affecting public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed11090258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1789378441000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Effects of Climate Variability on Diarrheal Diseases, Malaria, and Malnutrition in Children Under Five Years in Revu\u00e8 Sub-Basin, Manica Province, Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3903-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana J.","family":"Marrufo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Marracuene 020502, Maputo, Mozambique"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9089-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genito A.","family":"Ma\u00fare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eduardo Mondlane University Main Campus, Av. Julius Nyerere 3453, Maputo 0101-11, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9rico F.","family":"Jos\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Marracuene 020502, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo F.","family":"Inlamea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Marracuene 020502, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3138-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettencourt P. S.","family":"Capece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. de Mo\u00e7ambique, Km 1,5, Maputo 0104-11, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8170-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Raquel G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO-Porto (CI-IPOP) &RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC, Comprehensive Health Research Centre\u2014Group of Sleep, Chronobiology and Sleep Disorders, Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, 1150-090 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CIAS, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health\u2014Group of Human Biology, Health and Society, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., P\u00e9an, C., and Pidcock, R. (2022). Annex I: Glossary; [Matthews, J.B.R. (ed.)]. Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C. 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