{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:39:18Z","timestamp":1792701558290,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI083045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI083045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI093369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI093369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA056036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA056036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies remains a major public health issue worldwide, especially in developing countries where access to medical care can represent a real challenge. While there is still no cure for rabies, it is a vaccine-preventable disease with pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis regimens approved by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, many rabies-exposed individuals have limited access to vaccines and virus-neutralizing antibodies approved for post-exposure prophylaxis. Unfortunately, any delay in the administration of these reagents can have lethal consequences. This highlights the need to develop cost-effective immunological reagents with a greater window of efficacy. Live-attenuated vaccine strains of rabies virus presents a potential treatment in filling this gap. We show here that immunization with live-attenuated vaccines provide long-lasting rabies immunity, superior to the protection induced by inactivated vaccines. In the absence of an immunostimulatory adjuvant, vaccination with multiple doses of inactivated rabies virus induces a type-2 immune response. This type of immunity is highly effective at inducing neutralizing antibody but has limited efficacy in clearing the virus from central nervous system (CNS) tissues. In contrast, a single infection with live-attenuated rabies vaccine safely drives a type-1 immune response, associated with both the production of a neutralizing antibody and the clearance of wild-type rabies virus from CNS tissues. These results indicate that live-attenuated rabies strains have the potential to be more effective in post-exposure prophylaxis than conventional inactivated vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2030022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T10:31:57Z","timestamp":1499164317000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Protection Against CNS-Targeted Rabies Virus Infection is Dependent upon Type-1 Immune Mechanisms Induced by Live-Attenuated Rabies Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Aurore","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Kean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2880-1","article-title":"Taxonomy of the order mononegavirales: Update 2016","volume":"161","author":"Afonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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