{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:27:41Z","timestamp":1761514061171,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]],"date-time":"2017-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A local study was conducted to monitor the antibiotic susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae in Bacolod City, Philippines. A total of 88 isolates were taken during the period of 1 January 2015 to 30 June 2017, from male patients ages 12 to 72 years. The highest incidence of gonorrhea infection was in the group aged 20\u201324 years (34.09%). The susceptibility pattern to antibiotics was as follows: ceftriaxone 100%, cefixime 82.6%, spectinomycin 92.1%, ciprofloxacin 4.9%, tetracycline 5.1%, and penicillin G with 0%. All isolates were noted to produce beta-lactamase, which can be attributed to plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance. These findings indicate that the resistance rates of N. gonorrhoeae to most commonly-used antibiotics are increasing, and that ceftriaxone remains an effective antibiotic in treating gonorrhea infections locally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2030045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]],"date-time":"2017-08-29T10:39:15Z","timestamp":1504003155000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibiotic Susceptibility Monitoring of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Bacolod City, Philippines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Clark","family":"Araneta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Colegio San Agustin, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Juayang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Colegio San Agustin, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Dr. Pablo O. Torre Memorial Hospital, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Dr. Pablo O. Torre Memorial Hospital, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleeza","family":"Quilop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Dr. Pablo O. Torre Memorial Hospital, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Casaysay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Colegio San Agustin, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gene","family":"Tamesis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Colegio San Agustin, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tricia","family":"Yude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Colegio San Agustin, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Colegio San Agustin, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raziel","family":"Gayoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Technology Program, Colegio San Agustin, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Crowley, L. (2007). Communicable Diseases in an Introduction to Human Disease: Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations, Jones and Bartlett. [7th ed.].","key":"ref_1"},{"unstructured":"Shah, S. (2009). Conjunctivitis in the Neonate in Pediatric Practice Infectious Disease, McGraw Hill.","key":"ref_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unemo, M., del Rio, C., and Shafer, W. (2016). Antimicrobial resistance expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A major global public health problem in the 21st century. Microbiol. Spectr., 4.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0009-2015"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(12)40653-X","article-title":"The threat of untreatable gonorrhoea: Implications and consequences for reproductive and sexual morbidity","volume":"20","author":"Ndowa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Health Matters"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.176575","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment failure and susceptibility to cefixime in Toronto, Canada","volume":"309","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E557","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2016.40.65","article-title":"Australian gonococcal surveillance programme, 1 April to 30 June 2016","volume":"40","author":"Lahra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Commun. Dis. Intell. Q. Rep."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wind, C.M., Schim van der Loeff, M.F., van Dam, A.P., de Vries, H.J., and van der Helm, J.J. (2017). Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility for azithromycin and ceftriaxone in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between 2012 to 2015. Eurosurveillance, 22.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.1.30431"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00149-15","article-title":"Novel genes related to ceftriaxone resistance found among ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains selected in vitro","volume":"60","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regnath, T., Mertes, T., and Ignatius, R. (2016). Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in south-west Germany, 2004 to 2015: Increasing minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline, but no resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Eurosurveillance, 21.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.36.30335"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunner, A., Nemes-Nikodem, E., Jeney, C., Szabo, D., Marschalko, M., Karpati, S., and Ostorhazi, E. (2016). Emerging azithromycin resistance among the Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Hungary. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 15.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0166-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000556","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Japan from 2000 to 2015","volume":"44","author":"Yasuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017, June 30). Antibiotic resistance gonorrhoea on the rise, new drugs needed. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/releases\/2017\/Antibiotic-resistant-gonorrhoea\/en\/.","key":"ref_12"},{"unstructured":"(2016). Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Program, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine. Data Summary Report.","key":"ref_13"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juayang, A., Lim, J.P., Acosido, M.A., Maestral, D., and Gallega, C. (2015). Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Bacolod City, Philippines. BMRJ, 10.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2015\/19641"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S., Sewunet, T., Sahlemariam, Z., and Kibru, G. (2016). Neisseria gonorrhoeae among suspects of sexually transmitted infection in Gambella Hospital, Ethiopia: Risk factors and drug resistance. BMC Res. Notes, 9.","key":"ref_15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2247-4"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"15","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from four centres in Papua New Guinea remain susceptible to amoxycillin-clavulanate therapy","volume":"53","author":"Toliman","year":"2010","journal-title":"P. N. G. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/426142","article-title":"High prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Northern Taiwan","volume":"40","author":"Hsueh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (2016). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. [26th ed.].","key":"ref_18"},{"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017, June 28). Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/gonorrhea\/arg\/b88-feb-2005.pdf.","key":"ref_19"},{"unstructured":"Department of Health (2017, June 28). Millenials. na HIV Positive Dumami. (Millenials that are HIV positive are increasing in numbers), Available online: http:\/\/www.doh.gov.ph\/sites\/default\/files\/news_clips\/062617-0002.pdf.","key":"ref_20"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/nmi2.57","article-title":"First antimicrobial resistance data and genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Estonia, 2009\u20132013","volume":"2","author":"Golparian","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Update to CDC\u2019s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: Oral cephalosporins no longer recommended treatment for gonococcal infections. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. (MMWR), 61, 590\u2013594.","key":"ref_22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.10.014"},{"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines, 2015. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. (MMWR), 64, 60\u201368.","key":"ref_23"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovari, H., de Melo, O., Hauser, M., Lauchli, S., Meyer, J., Weber, R., and Zbinden, R. (2013). Decreased susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Switzerland to cefixime and ceftriaxone: Antimicrobial susceptibility data from 1990 and 2000 to 2012. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","key":"ref_24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-603"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000185","article-title":"Risk factors for antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Europe","volume":"41","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks036","article-title":"Surveillance of gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility resulting in early detection of emerging resistance","volume":"67","author":"Lo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.2.277","article-title":"In vitro antibiotic susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in the Philippines","volume":"36","author":"Clendennen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1086\/319998","article-title":"A randomized trial of ciprofloxacin versus cefixime for treatment of gonorrhea after rapid emergence of gonococcal ciprofloxacin resistance in The Philippines","volume":"32","author":"Klausner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Setas, A., Navascues-Ortega, A., and Beristain, X. (2010). Spectinomycin in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Euro Surveill., 15.","key":"ref_29","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.19.19568-en"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis. Part 1: Causes and threats","volume":"40","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/2\/3\/45\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:33Z","timestamp":1760208213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/2\/3\/45"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed2030045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed2030045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2414-6366"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]]}}}