{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:14:44Z","timestamp":1760242484073,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When normal lymphatic function is hampered, imperceptible subcutaneous edema can develop and progress to overt lymphedema. Low-cost reliable devices for objective assessment of lymphedema are well accepted in clinical practice and research on breast-cancer related lymphedema but are untested in populations with lymphatic filariasis (LF). This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data in a longitudinal study on asymptomatic, LF antigen-positive and -negative young people in Myanmar. Rapid field screening was used to identify antigen-positive cases and a group of antigen-negative controls of similar age and gender were invited to continue in the study. Tissue compressibility was assessed with three tissue tonometers, and free fluids were assessed using bio-impedance spectroscopy (BIS). Infection status was confirmed by Og4C3 antigen assay. At baseline (n = 98), antigen-positive cases had clinically relevant increases in tissue compressibility at the calf using a digital Indurometer (11.1%, p = 0.021), and in whole-leg free fluid using BIS (9.2%, p = 0.053). Regression analysis for moderating factors (age, gender, hydration) reinforced the between-infection group differences. Results demonstrate that sub-clinical changes associated with infection can be detected in asymptomatic cases. Further exploration of these low-cost devices in clinical and research settings on filariasis-related lymphedema are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2040050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T10:52:25Z","timestamp":1506509545000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lymphatic Filariasis Increases Tissue Compressibility and Extracellular Fluid in Lower Limbs of Asymptomatic Young People in Central Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Douglass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3282-1861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Roineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw 15011, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"San","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Country Office, Yangon 11201, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tint","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw 15011, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw 15011, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-1212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia"},{"name":"College of Nursing &amp; Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hbk, R. 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