{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:39:53Z","timestamp":1793295593792,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sporadic cases of melioidosis have been diagnosed in Myanmar since the disease was first described in Yangon in 1911. Published and unpublished cases are summarized here, along with results from environmental and serosurveys. A total of 298 cases have been reported from seven states or regions between 1911 and 2018, with the majority of these occurring before 1949. Findings from soil surveys confirm the presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the environment in all three regions examined. The true epidemiology of the disease in Myanmar is unknown. Important factors contributing to the current gaps in knowledge are lack of awareness among clinicians and insufficient laboratory diagnostic capacity in many parts of the country. This is likely to have led to substantial under-reporting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T12:15:44Z","timestamp":1519906544000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Melioidosis in Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mo","family":"Win","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khwar","family":"Zin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yangon General Hospital, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myint","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Microbiology Section, North Okkapala General Hospital, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myo","family":"Swe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK"},{"name":"Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot 63110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7951-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Nosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK"},{"name":"Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot 63110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Win","family":"Thein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mandalay General Hospital, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Zaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mandalay General Hospital, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Microbiology section, Thingungyun Hospital, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyaw","family":"Tun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive &amp; Social Medicine, Defence Services Medical Academy, Yangon, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9189-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Dance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK"},{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos"},{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Smithuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK"},{"name":"Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400005234","article-title":"An account of a glanders-like disease occurring in Rangoon","volume":"13","author":"Whitmore","year":"1913","journal-title":"J. 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