{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:03:12Z","timestamp":1760241792565,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, rates of tuberculosis (TB) cases in prisons are substantially higher than in the general population. The goal of this study was to review TB notifications in Victorian correctional facilities, and consider whether additional interventions towards TB elimination may be useful in this setting. All patients who were notified with or treated for TB in the Australian state of Victoria from 1 January 2003 to 1 December 2017 were included in this study. Descriptive analysis was performed. Demographic and treatment outcome data for individuals with and without a history of incarceration were reviewed and compared. Of the 5645 TB cases notified during the study period, 26 (0.5%) had a history of being incarcerated in correctional facilities while receiving treatment for TB. There were 73,238 inmates in Victorian correctional facilities over the same study period, meaning that approximately 0.04% of inmates were diagnosed or treated with TB disease in correctional facilities. Incarcerated individuals were more likely to have positive sputum smears and cavitation compared with nonincarcerated people with TB. There was no significant difference in treatment outcomes between the general TB population and those who had a history of incarceration during their treatment. There is a low apparent rate of TB in Victorian prisoners, and prisons do not contribute significantly to TB incidence in Victoria. Overall, TB outcomes do not differ between prisoners and nonprisoners. Ongoing efforts to sustain these lower rates and comparable outcomes in this vulnerable cohort are important for continued progress towards TB elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3030093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1535713072000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u2018Know Your Epidemic\u2019: Are Prisons a Potential Barrier to TB Elimination in an Australian Context?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7287-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nompilo","family":"Moyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Victorian Tuberculosis Program at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ee Laine","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9214-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Denholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Victorian Tuberculosis Program at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bone, A., Aerts, A., Grzemska, M., Kimerling, M., Kluge, H., Michael, L., Fran\u00e7oise, P., Mario, R., and Francis, V. (2000). Tuberculosis Control in Prisons: A Manual for Programme Managers, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Correctional and Detention Facilities: Recommendations from CDC."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.055442","article-title":"An Unanswered health disparity: Tuberculosis among correctional inmates, 1993 through 2003","volume":"95","author":"Macneil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baussano, I., Williams, B.G., Nunn, P., Beggiato, M., Fedeli, U., and Scano, F. (2010). Tuberculosis incidence in prisons: A systematic review. PLoS Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000381"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303423","article-title":"Tuberculosis in jails and prisons: United States, 2002\u20132013","volume":"106","author":"Lambert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0855","article-title":"Tuberculosis trends in California correctional facilities, 1993\u20132013","volume":"21","author":"McDaniel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01232.x","article-title":"Mantoux positivity among prison inmates\u2014New South Wales, 1996","volume":"23","author":"Butler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1071\/NB07051","article-title":"Prevalence of Mantoux positivity and annual risk of infection for tuberculosis in New South Wales Prisoners, 1996 and 2001","volume":"18","author":"Levy","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. S. W. Public Health Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Department of Health & Human Services, State Government of Victoria, Australia (2018, August 09). Notify a Condition Now, Available online: https:\/\/www2.health.vic.gov.au\/public-health\/infectious-diseases\/notify-condition-now."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0659","article-title":"Mortality among tuberculosis cases in Victoria, 2002\u20132013: Case fatality and factors associated with death","volume":"20","author":"Dale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02003?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02004?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02005?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02006?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02007?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02008?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02009?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02010?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02011?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02012?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia. Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02013?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02014?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02015?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02016?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018, August 01). 4517.0-Prisoners in Australia, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/4517.02017?OpenDocument."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Department of Health & Human Services, State Government of Victoria, Australia (2018, August 25). Management, Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis Guidelines for Health Care Providers, Available online: https:\/\/www2.health.vic.gov.au\/about\/publications\/policiesandguidelines\/tuberculosis-guidelines-2015."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0651","article-title":"Recurrence of tuberculosis in a low-incidence setting without directly observed treatment: Victoria, Australia, 2002\u20132014","volume":"21","author":"Dale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/3\/3\/93\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:22:14Z","timestamp":1760196134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/3\/3\/93"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed3030093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed3030093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2414-6366"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]}}}