{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:18:55Z","timestamp":1777519135928,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,11]],"date-time":"2018-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WHO delegation office Gabon in Libreville","award":["No"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to follow the Preventive Chemotherapy (PC) for the transmission control as recommended by WHO, Gabon initiated in 2014 the mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH). Here, we report the results of the Northern and Eastern health regions, representing a third of the land area and 12% of its total population. All nine departments of the two regions were surveyed and from each, five schools were examined with 50 schoolchildren per school. The parasitological examinations were realized using the filtration method for urine and the Kato-Katz technique for stool samples. Overall 2245 schoolchildren (1116 girls and 1129 boys), mean aged 11.28 \u00b1 0.04 years, were examined. Combined schistosomiasis and STH affected 1270 (56.6%) with variation between regions, departments, and schools. For schistosomiasis, prevalence were 1.7% across the two regions, with no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) between the Northern (1.5%) and the Eastern (1.9%). Schistosomiasis is mainly caused by Schistosoma haematobium with the exception of one respective case of S. mansoni and S. guineensis. STH are more common than schistosomiasis, with an overall prevalence of 56.1% significantly different between the Northern (58.1%) and Eastern (53.6%) regions (p = 0.034). Trichuris trichiura is the most abundant infection with a prevalence of 43.7% followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 35.6% and hookworms 1.4%. According to these results, an appropriate PC strategy is given. In particular, because of the low efficacy of a single recommended drug on T. trichiura and hookworms, it is important to include two drugs for the treatment of STH in Gabon, due to the high prevalence and intensities of Trichuris infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T10:58:22Z","timestamp":1542193102000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Baseline Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Northern and Eastern Health Regions of Gabon, Central Africa: Recommendations for Preventive Chemotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7581-2228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigue","family":"Mintsa Nguema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Tropical Ecology, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Libreville BP 13354, Gabon"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences of Libreville, Libreville BP 4009, Gabon"},{"name":"Control Program of Parasitic Diseases, Libreville BP 2434, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Mavoungou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Tropical Ecology, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Libreville BP 13354, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystina","family":"Mengue Me Ngou-Milama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control Program of Parasitic Diseases, Libreville BP 2434, Gabon"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Public Health, Libreville BP 10736, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Modeste","family":"Mabicka Mamfoumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences of Libreville, Libreville BP 4009, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aubin A.","family":"Koumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Tropical Ecology, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Libreville BP 13354, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariama","family":"Sani Lamine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Word Health Organization Country Office Gabon, Libreville BP 820, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Word Health Organization Country Office Gabon, Libreville BP 820, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghislaine","family":"Nkone Asseko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Word Health Organization Country Office Gabon, Libreville BP 820, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean R.","family":"Mourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences of Libreville, Libreville BP 4009, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marielle K.","family":"Bouyou Akotet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences of Libreville, Libreville BP 4009, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Mon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, UM, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan F-66860, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Mouahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, UM, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan F-66860, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julienne","family":"Atsame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control Program of Parasitic Diseases, Libreville BP 2434, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotez, P.J., and Kamath, A. (2009). Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006). Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections\u2014preliminary estimates of the number of children treated with albendazole or mebendazole. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 81, 145\u2013163."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2014). World Health Organization Schistosomiasis Fact Sheet, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004","article-title":"Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"19","author":"Adenowoa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003421","article-title":"A phylogeny based on three mitochondrial genes supports the division of Schistosoma intercalatum into two separate species","volume":"127","author":"Kane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Combes, C., and Jourdane, J. (2003). Reconnaissance de deux esp\u00e8ces jumelles au sein du taxon Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934, agent de la schistosomose humaine rectale en Afrique. Description de Schistosoma guineensis n. sp.. Taxonomy, Ecology and Evolution of Metazoan Parasites, Presses Universitaire de Perpignan. tome II."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WHO (2013). Schistosomiasis: Progress Report 2001\u20132011 and Strategic Plan 2012\u20132020, World Health Organization. WHO\/HTM\/NTD\/PTC."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO (2012). Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases: Eliminating Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases as a Public Health Problem in Children: Progress Report 2001\u20132010 and Strategic Plan 2011\u20132020, World Health Organization. WHO\/HTM\/NTD\/PTC."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"WHO (2005). Deworming for Health and Development, World Health Organization. Report of the Third Global Meeting of the Partners for Parasite Control."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62007-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"62","author":"Brooker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"85","article-title":"Prevalence evaluation of intestinal parasites in rural and sub-urban area in Gabon","volume":"12","author":"Kendzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Med. Owendo"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, April 12). Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections. Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly: Resolution WHA54.192001. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/archive\/pdf_fi les\/ WHA54\/ea54r19.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.11.012","article-title":"A randomised controlled clinical trial on the safety of co-administration of albendazole, ivermectin and praziquantel in infected schoolchildren in Uganda","volume":"105","author":"Namwanje","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.007","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in Uganda: The prospect and challenge of integrated control","volume":"23","author":"Kolaczinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trend Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hunter, J.M., Rey, L., Chu, K.Y., Adekolu-John, E.O., and Mott, K.E. (1993). Parasitic Diseases in Water Resources Development: The Need for Intersectoral Collaboration, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"246","article-title":"The potential of geographical information systems and remote sensing in the epidemiology and control of human heliminths infections","volume":"47","author":"Brooker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la Statistique (2017, December 01). R\u00e9sultats globaux du Recensement G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Population et des Logements de 2013 du Gabon (RGPL-2013). Available online: https:\/\/www.mays-mouissi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-des-logements-de-2013-RGPL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"159","article-title":"Field studies of a rapid, accurate means of quantifying Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples","volume":"54","author":"Peters","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulibaly, J.T., Knopp, S., N\u2019Guessan, N.A., Silue, K.D., Furst, T., Lohourignon, L.K., Brou, J.K., N\u2019Gbesso, Y.K., Vounatsou, P., and N\u2019Goran, E.K. (2011). Accuracy of Urine Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) Test for Schistosoma mansoni diagnosis in different settings of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001384"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.12692\/ijb\/3.3.98-107","article-title":"Two years impact of single praziquantel treatment on infection of urinary schistosomiasis in the Barombi Kotto focus, Cameroon","volume":"3","author":"Nkengazong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09990289","article-title":"Morphometric and molecular characterizations of schistosome populations in Estuaire province Gabon","volume":"84","author":"Kombila","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9, L.A., Kamwa Ngassam, R.I., Sumo, L., Ngassam, P., Dongmo Noumedem, C., Luogbou Nzu, D.D., Dankoni, E., Kenfack, C.M., Gipwe, N.F., and Akame, J. (2012). Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Regions of Centre, East and West Cameroon. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001553"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9, L.A., Dongmo Noumedem, C., Ngassam, P., M\u00e9rim\u00e9 Kenfack, C., Feussom Gipwe, N., Dankoni, E., Merrime Kenfack, C., Feussom Gipwe, N., Akame, J., and Tarini, A. (2013). Mapping of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in the regions of Littoral, North-West, South and South-West Cameroon and recommendations for treatment. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-602"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059655","article-title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the population dynamics of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi and in the epidemiology of their infection with Schistosomes","volume":"98","author":"Woolhouse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00012-8","article-title":"Schistosomes, snails and satellites","volume":"82","author":"Brooker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00798.x","article-title":"Predicting the distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania using satellite sensor data","volume":"6","author":"Brooker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"175","article-title":"Modelling human helminth distributions for planning disease control in Cameroon","volume":"68","author":"Brooker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, S.D. (1994). Freshwater Snail of Africa and Their Medical Importance, Taylor and Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.573","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis in Cameroon II. Distribution of the snail hosts","volume":"6","author":"Greer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01176.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and geography of Schistosoma mansoni in Uganda: Implications for planning control","volume":"9","author":"Kabatereine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"WHO (1999). Report on the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"119","article-title":"Probable hybridization between S. intercalatum and S. haematobium in Western Gabon","volume":"37","author":"Burchard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"432","article-title":"Bilharziose \u00e0 Schistosoma intercalatum, bilharziose r\u00e9cente et oubli\u00e9e","volume":"43","author":"Kombila","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Pratc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005306","article-title":"The interaction of Schistosoma haematobium and S. guineensis in Cameroon","volume":"79","author":"Webster","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.11648\/j.cajph.20180403.15","article-title":"Recent Examination for Assessing Epidemiological Status of Schistosoma Mansoni in Plaine Orety, Urban Area of Libreville, Gabon, Central Africa","volume":"4","author":"Koumba","year":"2018","journal-title":"CAJPH"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.048694","article-title":"Two-year impact of single praziquantel treatment on infection in the national control programme on schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso","volume":"86","author":"Toure","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.220","article-title":"Morbidity in Schistosomiasis Mansoni in relation to intensity of infection: Study of a community in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"245","article-title":"The relationship between morbidity and intensity of Schistosomiasis japonicum infection of a community in Jiangxi Province, China","volume":"28","author":"Genming","year":"1977","journal-title":"Southeast. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.014","article-title":"New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Utzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"WHO (1991). Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"149","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of egg counts of Schistosoma haematobium in urine","volume":"43","author":"Southgate","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamberton, P.H.L., Kabatereine, N.B., Oguttu, D.W., Fenwick, A., and Webster, J.P. (2014). Sensitivity and specificity of multiple Kato-Katz thick smears and a Circulating Cathodic Antigen test for Schistosoma mansoni Diagnosis Pre-and Post-repeated-Praziquantel treatment. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003139"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"68","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis by determination of the circulating antigens CAA and CCA, in particular in individuals with recent or light infections","volume":"77","author":"Polderman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337490","article-title":"Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana","volume":"102","author":"Obeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.08.004","article-title":"An ultra-sensitive assay targeting the circulating anodic antigen for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum in a low-endemic area, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knopp, S., Corstjens, P.L.A.M., Koukounari, A., Cercamondi, C.I., Ame, S.M., Ali, S.M., de Dood, C.J., Mohammed, K.A., Utzinger, J., and Rollinson, D. (2015). Sensitivity and specificity of a urine circulating anodic antigen test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium in low endemic settings. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003752"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.11.004","article-title":"Use of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) dipsticks for detection of intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis","volume":"97","author":"Stothard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0639","article-title":"A Five-Country Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Assay for the Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"88","author":"Colley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9, L.A., Kuet\u00e9 Fouodo, C.J., Kamwa Ngassam, R.I., Sumo, L., Dongmo Noumedem, C., M\u00e9rim\u00e9 Kenfack, C., Gipwe, N.F., Dankoni Nana, E., Stothard, J.R., and Rollinson, D. (2012). Evaluation of Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) Urine-Tests for Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Cameroon. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001758"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.561","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis in Cameroon. I. Distribution of schistosomiasis","volume":"42","author":"Ratard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"WHO (2002). Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"7","article-title":"Evaluation \u00e0 long terme d\u2019un traitement de masse par praziquantel sur la morbidit\u00e9 due \u00e0 Schistosoma haematobium dans deux villages hyper-end\u00e9miques du Nige","volume":"97","author":"Garba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2002.03.001","article-title":"Predicting the timing of second praziquantel treatment and its effect on reduction of egg counts in southern Ghana","volume":"90","author":"Aryeetey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.927","article-title":"Evidence for a long-term effect of a single dose of praziquantel on Schistosoma mansoni\u2013induced hepatosplenic lesions in Northern Uganda","volume":"60","author":"Frenzel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1937","article-title":"Efficacity of current drugs against Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"299","author":"Keizer","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"343","article-title":"Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole alone or in combination against intestinal nematode infections after repeated targeted mebendazole treatment in Zanzibar","volume":"81","author":"Albonico","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/3\/4\/119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:29:08Z","timestamp":1760196548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/3\/4\/119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed3040119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed3040119","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0442.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,11]]}}}