{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:17:37Z","timestamp":1793506657416,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Orygen Biotechnology","award":["Fiocruz Patent Licensee"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fiocruz Patent Licensee"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEWG Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEWG Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis, a disease historically associated with poverty, lack of sanitation and social inequality, is a chronic, debilitating parasitic infection, affecting hundreds of millions of people in endemic countries. Although chemotherapy is capable of reducing morbidity in humans, rapid re-infection demonstrates that the impact of drug treatment on transmission control or disease elimination is marginal. In addition, despite more than two decades of well-executed control activities based on large-scale chemotherapy, the disease is expanding in many areas including Brazil. The development of the Sm14\/GLA-SE schistosomiasis vaccine is an emblematic, open knowledge innovation that has successfully completed phase I and phase IIa clinical trials, with Phase II\/III trials underway in the African continent, to be followed by further trials in Brazil. The discovery and experimental phases of the development of this vaccine gathered a robust collection of data that strongly supports the ongoing clinical phase. This paper reviews the development of the Sm14 vaccine, formulated with glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA-SE), from the initial experimental developments to clinical trials including the current status of phase II studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T03:41:31Z","timestamp":1542944491000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Current Status of the Sm14\/GLA-SE Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Overcoming Barriers and Paradigms towards the First Anti-Parasitic Human(itarian) Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Tendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FIOCRUZ\u2014Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia S.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIOCRUZ\u2014Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica M.","family":"Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIOCRUZ\u2014Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia M.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIOCRUZ\u2014Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Limaverde-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIOCRUZ\u2014Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00122-4","article-title":"The global status of schistosomiasis and its control","volume":"77","author":"Chitsulo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osakunor, D.N.M., Woolhouse, M.E.J., and Mutapi, F. (2018). Paediatric schistosomiasis: What we know and what we need to know. PLoS Negl. Trop. 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