{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:08:04Z","timestamp":1779192484421,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza antivirals will play a critical role in the treatment of outpatients and hospitalised patients in the next pandemic. In the past decade, a number of new influenza antivirals have been licensed for seasonal influenza, which can now be considered for inclusion into antiviral stockpiles held by the World Health Organization (WHO) and individual countries. However, data gaps remain regarding the effectiveness of new and existing antivirals in severely ill patients, and regarding which monotherapy or combinations of antivirals may yield the greatest improvement in outcomes. Regardless of the drug being used, influenza antivirals are most effective when treatment is initiated early in the course of infection, and therefore in a pandemic, effective strategies which enable rapid diagnosis and prompt delivery will yield the greatest benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T11:58:21Z","timestamp":1555588701000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Antiviral Therapy for the Next Influenza Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aeron C.","family":"Hurt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanks, G.D. (2018). The \u2018Influenza\u2019 Vaccine Used during the Samoan Pandemic of 1918. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3010017"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Convalescent blood products for Spanish influenza pneumonia: A future H5N1 treatment?","volume":"145","author":"Luke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv453","article-title":"INSIGHT FLU005: An Anti-Influenza Virus Hyperimmune Intravenous Immunoglobulin Pilot Study","volume":"213","author":"Group","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12446","article-title":"Influenza antivirals currently in late-phase clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Koszalka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Influenza Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04038.x","article-title":"The molecular basis of the specific anti-influenza action of amantadine","volume":"4","author":"Hay","year":"1985","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67338-2","article-title":"Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: A cause for concern","volume":"366","author":"Bright","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"119","article-title":"Emergence and transmission of influenza a viruses resistant to amantadine and rimantadine","volume":"176","author":"Hayden","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62449-1","article-title":"Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"385","author":"Dobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707279","article-title":"Update on avian influenza a (H5N1) virus infection in humans","volume":"358","author":"Chotpitayasunondh","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716197","article-title":"Baloxavir Marboxil for Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults and Adolescents","volume":"379","author":"Hayden","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayden, F.G., and Shindo, N. (2019). Influenza virus polymerase inhibitors in clinical development. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000532"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takashita, E., Kawakami, C., Ogawa, R., Morita, H., Fujisaki, S., Shirakura, M., Miura, H., Nakamura, K., Kishida, N., and Kuwahara, T. (2019). Influenza A(H3N2) virus exhibiting reduced susceptibility to baloxavir due to a polymerase acidic subunit I38T substitution detected from a hospitalised child without prior baloxavir treatment, Japan, January 2019. Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Les Mal. Transm. Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull., 24.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.12.1900170"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g2545","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2545","article-title":"Oseltamivir for influenza in adults and children: Systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments","volume":"348","author":"Jefferson","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70041-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: A meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"2","author":"Muthuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1086\/656316","article-title":"Effectiveness of antiviral treatment in human influenza A(H5N1) infections: Analysis of a Global Patient Registry","volume":"202","author":"Adisasmito","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.06.008","article-title":"Very low pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 mortality associated with early neuraminidase inhibitor treatment in Japan: Analysis of 1000 hospitalized children","volume":"63","author":"Sugaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61853-5","article-title":"Pregnancy and H1N1 infection","volume":"374","author":"Burioni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2011.01812.x","article-title":"Review of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among pregnant Japanese women","volume":"38","author":"Nakai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix127","article-title":"Impact of Outpatient Neuraminidase Inhibitor Treatment in Patients Infected With Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 at High Risk of Hospitalization: An Individual Participant Data Metaanalysis","volume":"64","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12172","article-title":"Antivirals in the 2009 pandemic--lessons and implications for future strategies","volume":"7","author":"Berera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.101733","article-title":"Oseltamivir storage, distribution and dispensing following the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in Mexico","volume":"90","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908482","article-title":"Oseltamivir ring prophylaxis for containment of 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreaks","volume":"362","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss, R., McCaw, J.M., Cheng, A.C., Hurt, A.C., and McVernon, J. (2016). Reducing disease burden in an influenza pandemic by targeted delivery of neuraminidase inhibitors: Mathematical models in the Australian context. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1866-7"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/4\/2\/67\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:46:30Z","timestamp":1760186790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/4\/2\/67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed4020067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed4020067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]]}}}