{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:23:25Z","timestamp":1791228205849,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107344\u2013001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107344\u2013001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis is endemic among dairy animals in India, contributing to production losses and posing a health risk to people, especially farmers and others in close contact with dairy animals or their products. Growing urban populations demand increased milk supplies, resulting in intensifying dairy production at the peri-urban fringe. Peri-urban dairying is under-studied but has implications for disease transmission, both positive and negative. In this cross-sectional study, five Indian cities were selected to represent different geographies and urbanization extent. Around each, we randomly selected 34 peri-urban villages, and in each village three smallholder dairy farms (defined as having a maximum of 10 dairy animals) were randomly selected. The farmers were interviewed, and milk samples were taken from up to three animals. These were tested using a commercial ELISA for antibodies against Brucella abortus, and factors associated with herd seroprevalence were identified. In all, 164 out of 1163 cows (14.1%, 95% CI 12.2\u201316.2%) were seropositive for Brucella. In total, 91 out of 510 farms (17.8%, 95% CI 14.6\u201321.4%) had at least one positive animal, and out of these, just seven farmers stated that they had vaccinated against brucellosis. In four cities, the farm-level seroprevalence ranged between 1.4\u20135.2%, while the fifth city had a seroprevalence of 72.5%. This city had larger, zero-grazing herds, used artificial insemination to a much higher degree, replaced their animals by purchasing from their neighbors, were less likely to contact a veterinarian in case of sick animals, and were also judged to be less clean. Within the high-prevalence city, farms were at higher risk of being infected if they had a young owner and if they were judged less clean. In the low-prevalence cities, no risk factors could be identified. In conclusion, this study has identified that a city can have a high burden of infected animals in the peri-urban areas, but that seroprevalence is strongly influenced by the husbandry system. Increased intensification can be associated with increased risk, and thus the practices associated with this, such as artificial insemination, are also associated with increased risk. These results may be important to identify high-risk areas for prioritizing interventions and for policy decisions influencing the structure and development of the dairy industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1555930973000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Risk Factors for Brucella Seroprevalence in Peri-Urban Dairy Farms in Five Indian Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna F.","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Po Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatinder Paul Singh","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razibuddin Ahmed","family":"Hazarika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati-781022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem Mohamed","family":"Fairoze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of LPT, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal &amp; Fisheries Sciences University Bangalore, Bangalore 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasbir S.","family":"Bedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Dohoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1860-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhimanyu Singh","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Foundation India, Gurgaon 122002, India"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Kakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Foundation India, Gurgaon 122002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO FAO OIE, and Corbel, M.J. 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