{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:34:15Z","timestamp":1790760855055,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several diseases and vulnerabilities associated with genetic or microbial factors are more frequent among populations of Oceanian, Non-European, Non-Asian descent (ONENA). ONENA are specific and have long been isolated geographically. To our knowledge, there are no published official, quantitative, aggregated data on the populations impacted by these excess vulnerabilities in Oceania. We searched official census reports for updated estimates of the total population for each of the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (including Australia) and the US State of Hawaii, privileging local official statistical or censual sources. We multiplied the most recent total population estimate by the cumulative percentage of the ONENA population as determined in official reports. Including Australia and the US State of Hawaii, Oceania counts 27 countries and territories, populated in 2016 by approximately 41 M inhabitants (17 M not counting Australia) among which approximately 12.5 M (11.6 M not counting Australia) consider themselves of entire or partial ONENA ancestry. Specific genetic and microbiome traits of ONENA may be unique and need further investigation to adjust risk estimates, risk prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, to the benefit of populations in the Pacific and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4030114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T11:11:31Z","timestamp":1565349091000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Counting Oceanians of Non-European, Non-Asian Descent (ONENA) in the South Pacific to Make Them Count in Global Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Tarantola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, BP 61\u201398845 Noum\u00e9a cedex, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul F.","family":"Horwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology and Viral Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrille","family":"Goarant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, BP 61\u201398845 Noum\u00e9a cedex, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Buffi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communaut\u00e9 du Pacifique\/Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, BP D5, 98848 Noum\u00e9a, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sol\u00e8ne","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communaut\u00e9 du Pacifique\/Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, BP D5, 98848 Noum\u00e9a, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onofre Edwin A.","family":"Merilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communaut\u00e9 du Pacifique\/Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, BP D5, 98848 Noum\u00e9a, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Pedron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"Klement-Frutos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, BP 61\u201398845 Noum\u00e9a cedex, New Caledonia"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Territorial, 110 Boulevard Joseph Wamytan, Dumb\u00e9a Sur Mer 98835, Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Sansonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France"},{"name":"Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Coll\u00e8ge de France, 11 square Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lluis","family":"Quintana-Murci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25\u201328 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, BP 61\u201498845 Noum\u00e9a cedex, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078311","article-title":"Genetic Structure of Human Populations","volume":"298","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059431","article-title":"Haplotype Variation and Linkage Disequilibrium in 313 Human Genes","volume":"293","author":"Stephens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1086\/505436","article-title":"A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2010.04.002","article-title":"Human genome diversity: Frequently asked questions","volume":"26","author":"Barbujani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302904","article-title":"Causality in Genetics","volume":"114","author":"Marian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155725","article-title":"Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes","volume":"320","author":"Ley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.053","article-title":"Human genetics shape the gut microbiome","volume":"159","author":"Goodrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01357","article-title":"Correlations of Host Genetics and Gut Microbiome Composition","volume":"7","author":"Dabrowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12198","article-title":"Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control","volume":"498","author":"Karlsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2014.06.010","article-title":"Recent developments in the genetic history of East Asia and Oceania","volume":"29","author":"Duggan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06055","article-title":"Genome-wide genotype and sequence-based reconstruction of the 140,000 year history of modern human ancestry","volume":"4","author":"Shriner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenhill, A.R., Tsuji, H., Ogata, K., Natsuhara, K., Morita, A., Soli, K., Larkins, J.-A., Tadokoro, K., Odani, S., and Baba, J. (2015). Characterization of the Gut Microbiota of Papua New Guineans Using Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117427"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62037-5","article-title":"National, regional, and global trends in body mass index since 1980: Systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants","volume":"377","author":"Finucane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years","volume":"377","author":"Collaborators","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.12132","article-title":"Pacific Populations, Metabolic Disease and \u2018Just-So Stories\u2019: A Critique of the \u2018Thrifty Genotype\u2019 Hypothesis in Oceania","volume":"79","author":"Gosling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30408-0","article-title":"Host and viral genetic diversity can help explain mortality during the 1918\u201321 influenza pandemic in the Pacific region","volume":"18","author":"Tarantola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68773-4","article-title":"Indigenous health in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific","volume":"367","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30178-6","article-title":"The unusually diverse mortality patterns in the Pacific region during the 1918\u201321 influenza pandemic: Reflections at the pandemic\u2019s centenary","volume":"18","author":"Shanks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31891-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Dicker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division (2016). World Statistics Pocketbook, United Nations. [2016 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Working Paper No. ESA\/P\/WP.241."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2016, October 17). US Census Bureau 2010 American Samoa Demographic Profile Data, Available online: https:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/faces\/tableservices\/jsf\/pages\/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau (2016, October 17). American Samoa\u20142010 Census Results Total Population by County, Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/2010census\/news\/pdf\/cb11cn177_ia_as_totalpop_2010map_revised.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Australian Bureau of Statistics 2071.0\u2014Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012\u20132013, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/2071.0main+features902012-2013."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Australian Bureau of Statistics 3101.0\u2014Australian Demographic Statistics, March 2016, Available online: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/mf\/3101.0."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2015). Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet Summary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Status 2015, Edith Cowan University. Available online: https:\/\/healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au\/uploads\/docs\/2015-overview.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Pryke, J. (2014). Pacific Islanders in Australia: Where are the Melanesians?. Devpolicy Blog Dev. Policy Cent., Available online: https:\/\/www.devpolicy.org\/pacific-islanders-in-australia-where-are-the-melanesians-20140828\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ministry of Finance and Economic Management (2016, December 12). Statistics Office Cook Islands 2011 Census of Population and Dwellings\u2014Main Report, Available online: https:\/\/cookislands-data.sprep.org\/dataset\/census-population-and-dwellings-cook-islands\/resource\/f48c7a7f-580f-4f1c-a130-e4d05f9ac786."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). UNdata Country Profile Cook Islands. Available online: http:\/\/data.un.org\/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Cook%20Islands."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2016, October 17). Isla de Pascua\/Poblaci\u00f3n\u2014Reportes Estadisticos Comunales. Available online: http:\/\/reportescomunales.bcn.cl\/2015\/index.php\/Isla_de_Pascua\/Poblaci%C3%B3n."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Government of the Federated States of Micronesia Office of Statistics (2016, December 12). Available online: http:\/\/prism.spc.int\/images\/census_reports\/FSM_2010_Census_Indicators_Final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2016, October 13). Fiji Bureau of Statistics\u2014Fiji Statistics at a Glance, Available online: http:\/\/www.statsfiji.gov.fj\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Population and Demographic Indicators\u2014Fiji Bureau of Statistics, Available online: http:\/\/www.statsfiji.gov.fj\/statistics\/social-statistics\/population-and-demographic-indicators."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Available online: http:\/\/www.ispf.pf\/docs\/default-source\/publi-pf-bilans-et-etudes\/pf-bilan-02-2016-demographie-2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.4267\/2042\/14394","article-title":"Fronti\u00e8res ethniques et red\u00e9finition du cadre politique \u00e0 Tahiti","volume":"32","author":"Celentano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Herm\u00e8s"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2016, October 17). Guam, Available online: https:\/\/www.doi.gov\/oia\/islands\/guam."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau (2016, December 12). Guam Demographic Profile Summary File, Available online: https:\/\/cnas-re.uog.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/KGI_2010-Guam-Demographic-Profile-Study.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2016, October 13). Census American Community Survey 2015, Available online: http:\/\/census.hawaii.gov\/acs\/acs-2015\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, State of Hawaii Office of Planning (2016). Hawaii 2015 Population Estimate Summary Data, by County, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, State of Hawaii Office of Planning."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2017, July 18). Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Alone by Selected Groups, Available online: https:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/faces\/tableservices\/jsf\/pages\/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"National Statistics Office, MFED (2016, December 12). 2015 Population and Housing Census\u2014Preliminary Report, Available online: http:\/\/www.mfed.gov.ki\/statistics\/documents\/2015_Population_Census_Report_Volume_1final_211016.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"National Statistics Office Report on the Kiribati 2010 Census of Population and Housing (2016, December 12). Volume 1: Basic Information and Tables, Available online: http:\/\/www.mfed.gov.ki\/sites\/default\/files\/Census-Report-2010-Volume-1_3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2016, October 17). Australia-Oceania: Marshall Islands, Available online: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/rm.html."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (2016, December 12). Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office The RMI 2011 Census of Population and Housing\u2014Summary and Highlights Only, Available online: https:\/\/www.doi.gov\/sites\/doi.gov\/files\/migrated\/oia\/reports\/upload\/RMI-2011-Census-Summary-Report-on-Population-and-Housing.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (2016, December 12). Republic of the Marshall Islands Population Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/rmi.prism.spc.int\/index.php\/social."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). National Report on Population and Housing\u2014Census 2011; Republic of Nauru, 2011; p. Available online: http:\/\/www.spc.int\/nmdi\/nmdi_documents\/2011_NAURU_CENSUS_REPORT.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2016, October 17). Nauru Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/nauru.prism.spc.int\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Pacific Community \/ Communaut\u00e9 du Pacifique Pacific Island Populations\u2014Estimates and Projections of Demographic Indicators for Selected Years\/Les Populations du Pacifique\u2014Estimations d\u2019Indicateurs D\u00e9mographiques pour Certaines Ann\u00e9es. Available online: http:\/\/prism.spc.int\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Social Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/rmi.prism.spc.int\/index.php\/social."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund, Pacific Sub-Regional Office (2014). Population and Development Profiles: Pacific Island Countries, United Nations Population Fund, Pacific Sub-Regional Office. Available online: https:\/\/pacific.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pub-pdf\/web__140414_UNFPAPopulationandDevelopmentProfiles-PacificSub-RegionExtendedv1LRv2_0.pdf.","DOI":"10.18356\/ef6f6d46-en"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Broustet, D. (2015). Projections de Population Pour la Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie \u00e0 L\u2019horizon 2030: Une Evolution Entre Croissance et Vieillissement, ISEE. Available online: http:\/\/www.isee.nc\/component\/phocadownload\/category\/197-analyse?download=772:projections-demographiques-2030."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2016, October 05). ISEE\u2014Structure de la Population et Evolutions. Available online: http:\/\/www.isee.nc\/population\/recensement\/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2017, July 18). 2013 Census\u2014Major Ethnic Groups in New Zealand, Available online: http:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/Census\/2013-census\/profile-and-summary-reports\/infographic-culture-identity.aspx."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2016, October 13). National Population Estimates: at 30 June 2016, Available online: http:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/browse_for_stats\/population\/estimates_and_projections\/NationalPopulationEstimates_HOTPAt30Jun16.aspx."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Statistics Niue. Available online: prism.spc.int\/images\/census_reports\/Niue_2011_Population_Households_Census.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/demographic-social\/census\/documents\/Norfolk_Island\/report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2016, October 13). Territories and Local Government Norfolk Island, Available online: http:\/\/regional.gov.au\/territories\/norfolk_island\/."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2009.175","article-title":"European and Polynesian admixture in the Norfolk Island population","volume":"105","author":"McEvoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau (2016, December 12). Northern Mariana Islands\u20142010 Census Results. Total population by election district, Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/2010census\/news\/pdf\/cb11cn178_ia_cnmi_totalpop_2010map.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2017, July 07). Australia\u2014Oceania: Northern Mariana Islands, Available online: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/cq.html."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2017, July 07). Australia\u2014Oceania: Palau, Available online: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/ps.html."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016, December 12). Papua New Guinea. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/countries\/png\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Population, Total Data. Available online: http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=PG."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2017, July 18). Papua New Guinea. Available online: http:\/\/www.worldstatesmen.org\/Papua_New_Guinea.htm."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2016, October 17). Pitcairn Islands, Available online: http:\/\/www.government.pn\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2016, October 13). Samoa Bureau of Statistics\u2014Population & Demography, Available online: http:\/\/www.sbs.gov.ws\/library\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Government of Samoa (2016, December 12). Census-Surveys and Demography Division Samoa Demographic and Health Survey 2014, Available online: http:\/\/www.sbs.gov.ws\/digi\/Samoa%20DHS%202014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2016, October 17). Solomon Islands Stats Website\u2014Solomon Islands National Statistics Office, Available online: http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.sb\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2016, October 17). 2011 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Available online: http:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/browse_for_stats\/people_and_communities\/pacific_peoples\/2011-tokelau-census-landing-page.aspx."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Tokelau National Statistics Office. Available online: https:\/\/www.tokelau.org.nz\/Tokelau+Government\/Government+Departments\/Office+of+the+Council+for+the+Ongoing+Government+OCOG\/Tokelau+National+Statistics+Office.html."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Tonga Department of Statistics, and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2014). Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing, Volume 2: Analytical Report, Tonga Department of Statistics, and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Tuvalu Government. Available online: https:\/\/microdata.pacificdata.org\/index.php\/ddibrowser\/50\/export\/?format=pdf&generate=yes."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Vanuatu National Statistics Office (2011). 2009 National Population and Housing Census\u2014Analytical Report Volume 2, Vanuatu National Statistics Office."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Wikipedia. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demographics_of_Vanuatu."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Wallis et Futuna a Perdu Pr\u00e8s du Cinqui\u00e8me de sa Population en dix ans Insee. Available online: https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1281314."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2016, December 12). Pacific Community\/Communaut\u00e9 du Pacifique Population Distribution by Age and Sex\u20142016 and 2050\/Distribution de la Population par Age et par Sexe\u20142016 et 2050. Available online: https:\/\/spccfpstore1.blob.core.windows.net\/digitallibrary-docs\/files\/f6\/f68c2b69b946e38f82175e40416f2c55.pdf?sv=2015-12-11&sr=b&sig=J%2Ff0tTZxjS1ma3dWf5TFQDH4bPnR44x8WAkM1KEg2wY%3D&se=2020-02-03T23%3A49%3A31Z&sp=r&rscc=public%2C%20max-age%3D864000%2C%20max-stale%3D86400&rsct=application%2Fpdf&rscd=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22Pacific_Islands_2016_Populations_poster.pdf%22."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Oakes, R., Milan, A., and Campbell, J. (2016). Kiribati: Climate Change and Migration\u2014Relationships Between Household Vulnerability, Human Mobility and Climate Change, United Nations University\u2014Institute for Environment and Human Security."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040951","article-title":"Modeling the Impact of Pandemic Influenza on Pacific Islands","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0169","article-title":"Lethality of First Contact Dysentery Epidemics on Pacific Islands","volume":"95","author":"Shanks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Kirch, P.V., and Rallu, J.L. (2007). Population in a Vegetable Kingdom Aneityum Island (Vanuatu) at European Contact in 1830. The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: Archaeological and Demographic Perspectives, University of Hawai\u2019i Press."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"19366","article-title":"The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza and indigenous populations of the Americas and the Pacific","volume":"14","author":"Tarantola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, C.L., Watson, C.H., Lowry, J.H., David, M.C., Craig, S.B., Wynwood, S.J., Kama, M., and Nilles, E.J. (2016). Human Leptospirosis Infection in Fiji: An Eco-epidemiological Approach to Identifying Risk Factors and Environmental Drivers for Transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004405"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.04.007","article-title":"Echocardiography screening to detect rheumatic heart disease: A cohort study of schoolchildren in French Pacific Islands","volume":"188","author":"Mirabel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8","article-title":"GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2017, July 19). WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Health Systems Development in the Pacific. Available online: http:\/\/www.wpro.who.int\/southpacific\/programmes\/health_sector\/health_systems\/page\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"91","article-title":"An economic survey of developing countries in the Pacific region","volume":"4","author":"Rob","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econ. Roundup Treasury Aust. Gov."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb025007","article-title":"The Importance of Race and Ethnic Background in Biomedical Research and Clinical Practice","volume":"348","author":"Burchard","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/475163a","article-title":"Genomics for the world","volume":"475","author":"Bustamante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20268","article-title":"Genetic risk factors for BMI and obesity in an ethnically diverse population: Results from the population architecture using genomics and epidemiology (PAGE) study","volume":"21","author":"Fesinmeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Silver Spring Md."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007.1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007","article-title":"Categorization of humans in biomedical research: Genes, race and disease","volume":"3","author":"Risch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-015-0044-5","article-title":"The obese gut microbiome across the epidemiologic transition","volume":"13","author":"Dugas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Themes Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","article-title":"A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes","volume":"490","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, N., Vogensen, F.K., Berg, F.W.J.V.D., Nielsen, D.S., Andreasen, A.S., Pedersen, B.K., Abu Al-Soud, W., S\u00f8rensen, S.J., Hansen, L.H., and Jakobsen, M. (2010). Gut Microbiota in Human Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Differs from Non-Diabetic Adults. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009085"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2012.07.002","article-title":"Obesity and the gut microbiome: Striving for causality","volume":"1","author":"Harley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.032","article-title":"From hype to hope: The gut microbiota in enteric infectious disease","volume":"163","author":"McKenney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bainbridge, R., Tsey, K., McCalman, J., Kinchin, I., Saunders, V., Lui, F.W., Cadet-James, Y., Miller, A., and Lawson, K. (2015). No one\u2019s discussing the elephant in the room: Contemplating questions of research impact and benefit in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian health research. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2052-3"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/ng761","article-title":"Population genetic structure of variable drug response","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-2997(88)90019-2","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of enzymes of alcohol metabolism and susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Bosron","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.04.012","article-title":"Applications and limitations in translating genomics to clinical practice","volume":"168","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"693","article-title":"What\u2019s right (and wrong) with racially stratified research and therapies","volume":"99","author":"Sade","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0362-4","article-title":"Integrating precision cancer medicine into healthcare\u2014policy, practice, and research challenges","volume":"8","author":"Bertier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/4\/3\/114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:10:05Z","timestamp":1760188205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/4\/3\/114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed4030114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed4030114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]}}}