{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:33:38Z","timestamp":1780443218488,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is a major cause of neonatal death and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities among survivors. The common pathogens causing EOS are group B streptococcus (GBS) and Escherichia coli. Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that can cause severe invasive disease and can be divided into either typeable or non-typeable strains. H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) is the most virulent and the major cause of bacterial meningitis in young children prior to routine immunization against Hib. Hib infection rates have dramatically reduced since then. However, a number of studies have reported an increasing incidence of non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) sepsis in neonates worldwide and concluded that pregnant women may have an increased risk to invasive NTHi disease with poor pregnancy outcomes. We present a case of fulminant neonatal sepsis caused by NTHi in an extremely preterm infant and discuss potential preventative measures to reduce its re-emergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T08:59:47Z","timestamp":1582275587000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fatal, Fulminant and Invasive Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae Infection in a Preterm Infant: A Re-Emerging Cause of Neonatal Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudipta","family":"Roy Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0193-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srabani","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5961-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ194","article-title":"Neonatal Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease in England and Wales: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcome","volume":"60","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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