{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:29:01Z","timestamp":1790882941858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies surveillance and control measures vary significantly between Caribbean islands. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention currently recommends certain groups of U.S. travelers to any Caribbean island receive pre-exposure rabies immunization. However, most islands self-declare as \u201crabies free\u201d, and have never publicly released data to support rabies-free claims. We used the Analytic Hierarchy Process to create pairwise comparison values among five risk factors determined by subject matter experts. Risk factor weights were calculated and used in a geospatial analysis to calculate a risk value for each island nation (higher values indicate higher risk). Risk values ranged from 8.73 (Trinidad) to 1.57 (The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands). All four countries that have documented occurrences of laboratory confirmed rabid bats were ranked highest (Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Cuba, Dominican Republic), as well as Haiti. The top five highest risk countries that currently have no reports of bat rabies include St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Cayman Islands, and Dominica. This study reviews the inter-island movement potential of bats, designates areas of high risk for bat-associated rabies within the Caribbean islands, and demonstrates a need for further surveillance efforts in bat populations within islands that self-declare as rabies free.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T03:13:28Z","timestamp":1583205208000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk Modeling of Bat Rabies in the Caribbean Islands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8646-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clint N.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus &amp; Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High Consequence Pathogens &amp; Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, CDC Fellowship Program, 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus &amp; Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High Consequence Pathogens &amp; Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Vokaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, India Country Office, RK Khanna Tennis Stadium, Africa Avenue, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8547-3146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine F.R.","family":"Seetahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Building 36, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Champs Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori J.","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus &amp; Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High Consequence Pathogens &amp; Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.03.013","article-title":"The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"146","author":"Mauldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. 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