{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:41Z","timestamp":1787030141723,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flea-borne typhus, due to Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis, is an infection causing fever, headache, rash, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, and diverse organ manifestations. Although most cases are self-limited, 26%\u201328% have complications and up to one-third require intensive care. Flea-borne typhus was recognized as an illness similar to epidemic typhus, but having a milder course, in the Southeastern United States and TX from 1913 into the 1920s. Kenneth Maxcy of the US Public Health Service (USPHS) first described the illness in detail and proposed a rodent reservoir and an arthropod vector. Other investigators of the USPHS (Eugene Dyer, Adolph Rumreich, Lucius Badger, Elmer Ceder, William Workman, and George Brigham) determined that the brown and black rats were reservoirs and various species of fleas, especially the Oriental rat flea, were the vectors. The disease was recognized as a health concern in the Southern United States in the 1920s and an increasing number of cases were observed in the 1930s and 1940s, with about 42,000 cases reported between 1931\u20131946. Attempts to control the disease in the 1930s by fumigation and rat proofing and extermination were unsuccessful. The dramatic increase in the number of cases from 1930 through 1944 was due to: the diversification of Southern agriculture away from cotton; the displacement of the smaller black rat by the larger brown rat in many areas; poor housing conditions during the Great Depression and World War II; and shortages of effective rodenticides and insecticides during World War II.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T03:13:28Z","timestamp":1583205208000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910\u20131944"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5473-9375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Anstead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.35.010190.003005","article-title":"Epidemiology of murine typhus","volume":"35","author":"Azad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1511-8","article-title":"Transmission mechanisms of an emerging insect-borne rickettsial pathogen","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970308","article-title":"Flea-borne rickettsioses: Ecologic considerations","volume":"3","author":"Azad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1086\/527443","article-title":"Murine typhus: An unrecognized suburban vector-borne disease","volume":"46","author":"Civen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-51-3-421","article-title":"Status of the rickettsioses in the United States","volume":"51","author":"Smadel","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"DeBuono, B.A. (2006). Milestones in Public Health. Accomplishments in Public Health over the Last 100 Years, Pfizer Global Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, J.W., and Warren, C. (2007). Silent Victories. The History and Practice of Public Health in Twentieth-Century America, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195150698.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470100057033","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in South Texas, 1980\u20131987","volume":"266","author":"Dumler","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.160958","article-title":"Typhus group rickettsiosis, Texas, USA, 2003\u20132013","volume":"23","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2019, March 18). California Dept of Public Health, Human Flea-Borne Typhus Cases in California (2001\u20132019), Available online: https:\/\/www.10.CDPH.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DCDC\/10.CDPH%20Document%20Library\/Flea-borneTyphusCaseCounts.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinsser, H. (1934). Rats, Lice, and History, Random House.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-193506000-00044"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Walker, D.H. (1988). Murine typhus fever: Its clinical and biological similarity to epidemic typhus. Biology of Rickettsial Diseases, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"192","article-title":"Typhus fever in Texas","volume":"30","author":"Reece","year":"1934","journal-title":"Tex. State J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Moulton, F.R. (1948). Endemic (murine) typhus fever: Symptomatology. Rickettsial Diseases of Man, American Association for the Advancement of Science."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01682172","article-title":"Septic shock and multiorgan failure in murine typhus","volume":"17","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever in Georgia","volume":"24","author":"Dougherty","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Ga."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001954","article-title":"Murine typhus in South Texas children: An 18-year review","volume":"37","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.10.018","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: A systematic review","volume":"166","author":"Tsioutis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.091028","article-title":"Murine typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008","volume":"16","author":"Adjemian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.161861","article-title":"Acute febrile illness and complications due to murine typhus, Texas, USA","volume":"23","author":"Afzal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.3.396","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of murine typhus in 97 Texas children","volume":"155","author":"Whiteford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatrics Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0465","article-title":"Fatal flea-borne typhus in Texas: A retrospective case series, 1985\u20132015","volume":"96","author":"Pieracci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"306","article-title":"Case report: Early doxycycline therapy for potential rickettsiosis in critically ill patients in flea-borne typhus-endemic areas","volume":"99","author":"Chueng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/17.10.797","article-title":"Endemic (murine) typhus; report of autopsy findings in three cases","volume":"17","author":"Binford","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/91.6.720","article-title":"Histopathology and immunohistologic demonstration of the distribution of Rickettsia typhi in fatal murine typhus","volume":"91","author":"Walker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0084","article-title":"Case report: Fulminant murine typhus presenting with status epilepticus and multi-organ failure: An autopsy case and a review of the neurologic presentations of murine typhus","volume":"99","author":"Stephens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120710-100717","article-title":"Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents","volume":"57","author":"Eisen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"237","article-title":"The ecology of murine typhus-a critical review","volume":"75","author":"Traub","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2008050","article-title":"Louse- and flea-borne rickettsioses: Biologic and genomic analyses","volume":"40","author":"Gillespie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.2307\/4585480","article-title":"Epidemiological significance of seasonal variations in rodent-ectoparasite distribution","volume":"60","author":"Rumreich","year":"1945","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2307\/4586165","article-title":"A study of murine typhus in Coffee County, Alabama","volume":"62","author":"Hill","year":"1947","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2307\/4579976","article-title":"A limited rat flea survey of Savannah, Georgia","volume":"46","author":"Fox","year":"1931","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2307\/4579180","article-title":"Rat-flea survey of the port of Norfolk, Va","volume":"44","author":"Hasseltine","year":"1929","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1951.s1-31.355","article-title":"Entomological background of the distribution of murine typhus and murine plague in the United States","volume":"31","author":"Mohr","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Pratt, H.D., and Wiseman, J.S. (2018, February 12). Fleas of Public Health Importance and Their Control, Available online: www.cdc_7681_DS1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Meyer, R.P., and Madon, M.B. (2002). Fleas. Arthropods of Public Health Importance in California, Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/24.6.689","article-title":"Transmission of murine typhus rickettsia by Leptopsylla segnis (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae)","volume":"24","author":"Azad","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Walker, D.H. (1988). Relationship to vector biology and epidemiology of louse- and flea-borne rickettsioses. Biology of Rickettsial Diseases, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00251.x","article-title":"Experimental transmission of murine typhus by Xenopsylla cheopis flea bites","volume":"3","author":"Azad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/127.5.583","article-title":"A historical account of the rickettsial diseases with a discussion of unsolved problems","volume":"127","author":"Woodward","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.451","article-title":"The biology, ecology, and management of the cat flea","volume":"42","author":"Rust","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"255","article-title":"Eradication of murine typhus fever in a rural area: Preliminary report","volume":"16","author":"Mohr","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull. WHO"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1951.s1-31.301","article-title":"Transmission of murine typhus in roof rats in the absence of ectoparasites","volume":"31","author":"Worth","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2564-z","article-title":"Parasite spread at the domestic animal-wildlife interface: Anthropogenic habitat use, phylogeny and body mass drive risk of cat and dog flea (Ctenocephalides spp.) infestation in wild mammals","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.2307\/4587958","article-title":"Observations on rat ectoparasites and typhus fever in San Antonio, Texas","volume":"66","author":"Davis","year":"1951","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2307\/4584449","article-title":"Species of fleas collected in states west of 102D meridian and their relation the dissemination of plague","volume":"58","author":"Prince","year":"1943","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.2307\/4580419","article-title":"Typhus fever: The multiplication of the virus of endemic typhus in the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis","volume":"47","author":"Dyer","year":"1932","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"96","article-title":"Vertical transmission of Rickettsia felis in the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis Bouche)","volume":"27","author":"Wedincamp","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03516.x","article-title":"Rickettsia felis: From a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"17","author":"Parola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2307\/4580312","article-title":"Typhus fever. Transmission of endemic typhus by rubbing either crushed infected fleas or infected flea feces into wounds","volume":"47","author":"Dyer","year":"1932","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.11.7.606","article-title":"What health officers can do to promote rat extermination","volume":"11","author":"Goldman","year":"1921","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Davis, W.B., and Schmidly, D.J. (1994). The Mammals of Texas, University of Texas Press."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/8.1.58a","article-title":"The introduction and spread of house rats in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Silver","year":"1927","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hygnstrom, S.E., Timm, R.M., and Larson, G.E. (1994). Roof rats. The Handbook: Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage 6, Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. Available online: http:\/\/icwdm.org\/handbook\/rodents\/RoofRats.asp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2307\/1375576","article-title":"An invasion of Norway rats in southwest Georgia","volume":"35","author":"Ecke","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.30.6.619","article-title":"Public health engineering phases of murine typhus control","volume":"30","author":"Boston","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever in Georgia","volume":"24","author":"Seckinger","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Ga."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Morlan, H.B., Utterback, B.C., and Dent, J.E. (1953). Domestic Rats in Relation to Murine Typhus Control, Public Health Monograph No. 5."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2307\/4586073","article-title":"The use of DDT to control murine typhus fever in San Antonio, TX","volume":"62","author":"Davis","year":"1947","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2307\/1375174","article-title":"Notes on commensal rats in Lavaca County, Texas","volume":"28","author":"Davis","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/4593484","article-title":"Rats in urban America","volume":"84","author":"Clinton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.7.1758-1762.1992","article-title":"Typhus and typhus-like rickettsiae associated with opossums and their fleas in Los Angeles County, California","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0806.010350","article-title":"Geographic association of Rickettsia felis-infected opossums with human murine typhus, Texas","volume":"8","author":"Boostrom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.311","article-title":"The changing ecology of murine (endemic) typhus in Southern California","volume":"19","author":"Adams","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2307\/4588833","article-title":"The house mouse and murine typhus in Mississippi","volume":"69","author":"Smith","year":"1954","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"76","article-title":"Ectoparasites of the Hawaiian Islands. I. Siphonoptera","volume":"8","author":"Haas","year":"1972","journal-title":"Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. (Ann. Arbor)"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-183617340-00001","article-title":"On typhus fever, which occurred at Philadelphia in the spring and summer of 1836; illustrated by clinical observations at the Philadelphia Hospital; showing distinction between this form of disease and dothinenteritis, or the typhoid fever, with alteration of the follicles of the small intestine","volume":"19","author":"Gerhard","year":"1836","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)36297-6","article-title":"Typhus fever","volume":"27","author":"Dyer","year":"1943","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"486","article-title":"Experimental transmission of the exanthematic typhus through body lice","volume":"149","author":"Nicolle","year":"1909","journal-title":"Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"482","article-title":"An acute infectious disease of unknown origin: A clinical study based on 221 cases","volume":"139","author":"Brill","year":"1910","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2307\/4567405","article-title":"The relation of so-called Brill\u2019s disease to typhus fever","volume":"27","author":"Anderson","year":"1912","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193310262091701","article-title":"On the isolation from a case of Brill\u2019s disease of a typhus strain resembling the European type","volume":"209","author":"Zinsser","year":"1933","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Walker, D.H. (1988). History of rickettsiology. Biology of Rickettsial Diseases, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.04.010159.002133","article-title":"Fleas and disease","volume":"4","author":"Jellison","year":"1959","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"297","article-title":"Typhus fevers in Kashmir State. Part II. Murine typhus","volume":"39","author":"Kalra","year":"1951","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-191301000-00018","article-title":"Typhus fever with a report of cases","volume":"6","author":"Paullin","year":"1913","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"7","article-title":"Recent developments in the knowledge of endemic typhus","volume":"24","author":"Sellers","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Ga."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-191407010-00014","article-title":"Typhus fever: A report of four cases","volume":"7","author":"Newell","year":"1914","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"188","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever in South Texas","volume":"12","author":"McNeil","year":"1916","journal-title":"Tex. State J. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"474","article-title":"Typhus fever","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"1916","journal-title":"Milit. Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"16","article-title":"A brief historical review of murine typhus in Virginia and the United States","volume":"97","author":"White","year":"1970","journal-title":"Va. Med. Mon."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-5-200103060-00024","article-title":"James Edgar Paullin: Internist to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, oslerian, and forgotten leader of American medicine","volume":"134","author":"Silverman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Barry, J. (2016, June 15). Notable Contributions to Medical Research by Public Health Service Scientists, Available online: http:\/\/history.nih.gov\/research\/downloads\/Notable_Cont_Med_Research.pdf."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"57","article-title":"Medical experiences in Macedonia and the Caucasus","volume":"13","author":"Phear","year":"1920","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.2307\/4574570","article-title":"Experimental typhus fever in guinea pigs. A description of scrotal lesion in guinea pigs infected with Mexican typhus","volume":"32","author":"Neill","year":"1917","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/43.3.241","article-title":"Experiments relating to pathology and etiology of Mexican typhus (tabardillo). I. Clinical course and pathologic anatomy of tabardillo in guinea pigs","volume":"43","author":"Mooser","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Hahon, N. (1968). Selected Papers on the Pathogenic Rickettsiae, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1922.tb60839.x","article-title":"A series of cases closely resembling typhus fever","volume":"7","author":"Hone","year":"1922","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, R.C. (1951). The United States Public Health Service 1798\u20131950, Commissioned Officers Association of the US Public Health Service.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-195210000-00069"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Wood, W.B., and Wood, M.L. (1971). Kenneth Fuller Maxcy, 1889\u20131966, National Academy of Sciences. Available online: www.nasonline.org\/publications\/biographical-memoirs\/memoir-pdfs\/maxcy-kenneth.pdf."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1923.s1-3.495","article-title":"A series of cases giving a positive Weil-Felix reaction","volume":"3","author":"Maxcy","year":"1923","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.2307\/4579321","article-title":"Typhus fever in the United States","volume":"44","author":"Maxcy","year":"1929","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2307\/4577450","article-title":"Mild typhus (Brill\u2019s Disease) in the lower Rio Grande Valley","volume":"40","author":"Sinclair","year":"1925","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"165","article-title":"Typhus fever along the Rio Grande","volume":"58","author":"Gardner","year":"1926","journal-title":"Milit. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.2307\/4578110","article-title":"An epidemiological study of endemic typhus (Brill\u2019s disease) in the southeastern United States","volume":"41","author":"Maxcy","year":"1926","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2307\/4577908","article-title":"Clinical observations on endemic typhus (Brill\u2019s Disease) in Southern United States","volume":"41","author":"Maxcy","year":"1926","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Lilienfeld, A.M., and Lilienfeld, D.E. (1980). Foundations of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2307\/4581424","article-title":"Endemic typhus in Alabama","volume":"50","author":"Baker","year":"1935","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.31.9.917","article-title":"An outbreak of typhus fever in Nashville, TN","volume":"31","author":"Tucker","year":"1943","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.24.10.1068","article-title":"Endemic typhus","volume":"24","author":"Baker","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Gersten, T. (2015, September 20). Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. MedlinePlus, Available online: https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/000528.htm."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42201.x","article-title":"The role of host factors in the severity of spotted fever and typhus rickettsioses","volume":"590","author":"Walker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1951.11694151","article-title":"Men of medicine. Louse and flea farms","volume":"9","author":"Fitz","year":"1951","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2307\/4579944","article-title":"Typhus fever: A virus of the typhus type derived from fleas collected from wild rats","volume":"46","author":"Dyer","year":"1931","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730090003002","article-title":"The typhus-Rocky Mountain spotted fever group in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Dyer","year":"1931","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1933.02740050027008","article-title":"The typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever group: Developments in epidemiological and clinical considerations","volume":"100","author":"Rumreich","year":"1933","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730040013005","article-title":"Rats as carriers of Mexican typhus fever","volume":"97","author":"Mooser","year":"1931","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.2307\/4580650","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever virus recovered from wild rat trapped at typhus focus in the United States","volume":"47","author":"Dyer","year":"1932","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730110025007","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever. Rat flea as a possible vector","volume":"97","author":"Kemp","year":"1931","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2307\/4580413","article-title":"Typhus fever: The experimental transmission of endemic typhus fever of the United States by the rat flea Ceratophyllus fasciatus","volume":"47","author":"Dyer","year":"1932","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.2307\/4579959","article-title":"The Typhus-Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever group: An epidemiological and clinical study in the eastern and southeastern states","volume":"46","author":"Rumreich","year":"1931","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.2307\/4580131","article-title":"Experimental transmission of endemic typhus with rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopsis","volume":"46","author":"Dyer","year":"1931","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.54.4.567","article-title":"The transmission of the virus of Mexican typhus from rat to rat by Polyplax spinulosus","volume":"54","author":"Mooser","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/3271809","article-title":"Some observations on tropical rat mites and endemic typhus","volume":"18","author":"Dove","year":"1932","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730210004002","article-title":"Tropical rat mites, Liponyssus bacoti Hirst, vectors of endemic typhus","volume":"97","author":"Dove","year":"1931","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"144","article-title":"A survey of typhus in rats and rat ectoparasites in Galveston, Texas","volume":"11","author":"Strandtmann","year":"1953","journal-title":"Tex. Rep. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-48-13292P","article-title":"Isolation of typhus rickettsiae from rat mites during an epidemic in an orphanage","volume":"48","author":"Pang","year":"1941","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1957.6.581","article-title":"Populations of the most abundant ectoparasites as related to prevalence of typhus antibodies of farm rats in an endemic murine typhus region","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.2307\/4580289","article-title":"Typhus fever: Typhus virus in feces of infected fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) and duration of infectivity of fleas","volume":"46","author":"Ceder","year":"1931","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"513","article-title":"Varieties of typhus virus and the epidemiology of the American form of European typhus fever (Brill\u2019s disease)","volume":"20","author":"Zinsser","year":"1934","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"493","article-title":"Ein weiterer Fall von Brill-Zinsserscher Krankheit in Zurich","volume":"82","author":"Loeffler","year":"1952","journal-title":"Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.55.2.307","article-title":"The multiplication of the virus of Mexican typhus fever in fleas","volume":"55","author":"Mooser","year":"1932","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2307\/4582174","article-title":"Susceptibility of animals to endemic typhus fever","volume":"52","author":"Brigham","year":"1937","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.02790030014004","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever in native rodents","volume":"110","author":"Brigham","year":"1938","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2307\/4587210","article-title":"Serological survey for murine typhus infection in southwest Georgia animals","volume":"65","author":"Morlan","year":"1950","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.2307\/4583855","article-title":"Two strains of typhus (endemic) virus isolated from naturally infected chicken fleas","volume":"56","author":"Brigham","year":"1941","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1944.s1-24.359","article-title":"Probable role of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, in transmission of murine typhus","volume":"24","author":"Irons","year":"1944","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.31.3.219","article-title":"Recent extension of endemic typhus fever in the southern United States","volume":"31","author":"Meleney","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Stephenson, W.H., and Coulter, E.M. (1967). The emergence of the new South 1913\u20131945. A History of the South, Louisiana State University Press."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-193512000-00022","article-title":"Typhus fever in Texas","volume":"28","author":"Bohls","year":"1935","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Patterson, J.T. (1981). America\u2019s Struggle against Poverty 1900\u20131980, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture (2015, July 01). Seven Million Rats Die in CWA Typhus-fever Campaign (4-Jun-1934), Available online: www.fws.gov\/news\/historic\/1934\/19340604."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Moulton, F.R. (1948). The control of murine typhus in the United States. Rickettsial Diseases of Man, American Association for the Advancement of Science."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"36","article-title":"Typhus-like fever contracted from o\u2019possum fleas","volume":"31","author":"Chapman","year":"1935","journal-title":"Tex. State Med. J."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Laurence, A., and Lee, J. (2019, May 02). Wharf Rats, the Plague, and Public Health. Available online: https:\/\/neworleanshistorical.org\/items\/show\/131."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Anon (1979). Typhus control combated century old malady. Tex. Health Bull., 32, 11-A."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-23-4-520","article-title":"Endemic (murine) typhus fever: Clinical observation of 180 cases","volume":"23","author":"Stuart","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-194602000-00001","article-title":"Murine typhus fever","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"1946","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-194801000-00006","article-title":"Endemic typhus in Baltimore","volume":"41","author":"Davis","year":"1948","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"53","article-title":"Typhus fever in Charity Hospital","volume":"95","author":"Joseph","year":"1942","journal-title":"New Orleans Med. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-193402000-00012","article-title":"Endemic typhus in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Badger","year":"1933","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.537","article-title":"A preliminary report on the practical epidemiology and control of endemic typhus in Georgia","volume":"20","author":"Bowdoin","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"12","article-title":"The murine typhus fever problem the United States","volume":"15","author":"Andrews","year":"1947","journal-title":"Pests Their Control"},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Long, L.H. (2015, March 01). Inter-Regional Migration of the Poor: Some Recent Changes, Available online: http:\/\/catalog.hathitrust.org\/Record\/000692925."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (1985). Manual of Pest Control for Food Security Reserve Grain Stocks, UNFAO."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2307\/4584432","article-title":"Murine typhus fever control","volume":"58","author":"Eskey","year":"1943","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.02790030014004","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever in native rodents","volume":"110","author":"Baker","year":"1938","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.02790030014004","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever in native rodents","volume":"110","author":"Phair","year":"1938","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"1","article-title":"The rat and ratproof construction of buildings","volume":"131","author":"Holsendorf","year":"1937","journal-title":"Public Health Rep. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.27.9.883","article-title":"Rat surveys and rat proofing","volume":"27","author":"Holsendorf","year":"1937","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"Texas Dept of Health Bureau of Epidemiology (1987). Reported Morbidity and Mortality in Texas 1986."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Anon (1943). Typhus fever control unit of the United States Public Health Service. Public Health Rep., 58, 638\u2013639."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2307\/4590821","article-title":"Murine typhus investigations in southwestern Georgia","volume":"75","author":"Love","year":"1960","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1954.3.883","article-title":"Murine typhus fever in Southwest Georgia, January 1945-January 1953","volume":"3","author":"Stewart","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Banov, L. (1970). As I Recall. The Story of the Charleston County Health Department, R. L. Bryan Co."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Hopkins, E.S., and Schulze, W.H. (1954). The Practice of Sanitation, Williams and Wilkins Co.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Stefferud, A. (1952). The organic insecticides, Insects: The Yearbook in Agriculture."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Symes, C.B., Muirhead Thompson, R.C., and Busvine, J.R. (1962). Insect Control in Public Health, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"Jacobson, M., and Crosby, D.G. (1971). Rotenone and the rotenoids. Naturally Occurring Pesticides, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Jacobson, M., and Crosby, D.G. (1971). Nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids. Naturally Occurring Pesticides, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_161","unstructured":"Matheson, R. (1932). Medical Entomology, Charles C. Thomas."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2307\/4581204","article-title":"Fumigation deaths as compared with deaths from other poisonous gases","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"1934","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"Chandler, A.C. (1936). Introduction to Human Parasitology, John Wiley. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"282","article-title":"Fumigation by cyanide gas","volume":"39","author":"Creel","year":"1916","journal-title":"Milit. Surg."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"Kinkela, D. (2011). DDT and the American Century, University of North Carolina Press."},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"Cushing, E.C. (1957). History of Entomology in World War II, Smithsonian Institution."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1946.02870440021005","article-title":"The role of DDT in controlling insect-borne diseases of man","volume":"132","author":"Stone","year":"1946","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"25","article-title":"Properties of the poisons used in rodent control","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Chitty","year":"1954","journal-title":"Control of Rats and Mice"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"585","article-title":"Rodenticides in bubonic-plague control","volume":"9","author":"Link","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bull. WHO"},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Kiple, K.F. (1997). Bubonic plague: The Black Death. Plague, Pox, and Pestilence. Disease in History, Barnes and Noble Books."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Chitty, D. (1954). Research on rodent control by the Bureau of Animal Population September 1939 to July 1947. Control of Rats and Mice, Oxford at the Clarendon Press."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Marsh, R.E. (1972, January 7\u20139). Zinc phosphide-a new look at an old rodenticide for field rodents. Proceedings of the 5th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Fresno, CA, USA. Available online: http:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/vpc5\/16."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"163","article-title":"The control of murine typhus with DDT","volume":"104","author":"Williams","year":"1949","journal-title":"Milit. Surg."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.36.12.1427","article-title":"Rodent control with 1080, ANTU, and other war-developed toxic agents","volume":"36","author":"Ward","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"Anon (2012, June 13). Mobilizing the Home Front: The Role of Wildlife Services during World War II, Available online: www.aphis.usda.gov\/wildlife_damage\/nwrc\/about\/history\/role_wwII.shtml."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Ivanov, V.V., Volgin, V.Y., Krasnov, A.A., and Lizunov, N.V. (1969). Thallium, American Geological Institute."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.3030351002","article-title":"A survey of the present status of red squill as a rodenticide","volume":"35","author":"Radomski","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Marsh, R.E. (1987, January 28\u201330). Relevant characteristics of zinc phosphide as a rodenticide. Proceedings of the Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings, Rapid City, South Dakota. Available online: http:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/gpwdcwp\/80\/."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"163","article-title":"The control of typhus fever","volume":"21","author":"Dyer","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1958.tb35408.x","article-title":"The changing picture of murine typhus in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Pratt","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.2307\/4586632","article-title":"Relation of reported cases of typhus fever to location, temperature, and precipitation","volume":"63","author":"Eskey","year":"1948","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.36.9.974","article-title":"Recent developments in murine typhus fever control","volume":"36","author":"Wiley","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.43.12.1514","article-title":"Status of murine typhus infection in domestic rats in the United States, 1952, and relation to infestation by Oriental rat fleas","volume":"43","author":"Mohr","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_184","unstructured":"Beck, D.M., and van Allen, A. (1950). Clinical description and findings in 100 cases, Typhus Fever in California, 1916\u20131948, Inclusive."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.2307\/4585727","article-title":"Prevalence of typhus complement-fixing antibodies in human serums in San Antonio, Tex","volume":"61","author":"Davis","year":"1946","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.38.4.541","article-title":"A state-wide survey of typhus fever in Florida","volume":"38","author":"Rickard","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.43.2.160","article-title":"Epidemiologic and serologic appraisal of murine typhus in the United States, 1948\u20131951","volume":"43","author":"Quinby","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2307\/4588343","article-title":"Usefulness of communicable disease reports","volume":"67","author":"Sherman","year":"1952","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Flynt, J.W. (1979). Dixie\u2019s Forgotten People: The South\u2019s Poor Whites, Indiana University Press."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"Mertz, P.E. (1978). New Deal Policy and the Southern Rural Poverty, Louisiana State University Press."},{"key":"ref_191","unstructured":"Baker, O.E., and Taeuber, C. (1940). The Rural People, The Yearbook of Agriculture."},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Colean, M.L. (1944). American Housing. Problems and Prospects, Twentieth Century Fund."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"Leuchtenburg, W.E. (1963). Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932\u20131940, Harper Collins."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"Fite, G.C. (1984). Cotton Fields No More. Southern Agriculture 1865\u20131980, University of Kentucky Press."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Pillsbury, R., and Orin, K. (1996). Atlas of American Agriculture, Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme Disease\u2013United States, 1992\u20131998","volume":"49","author":"Orloski","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"Conrad, D.E. (1965). The Forgotten Farmers. The Story of Sharecroppers in the New Deal, University of Illinois Press."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel, P. (1996). Standing at the Crossroads. Southern Life in the Twentieth Century, Johns Hopkins University Press.","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801854958"},{"key":"ref_199","unstructured":"Clark, T.D. (1968). The Emerging South, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Roland, C.P. (1975). The Improbable Era. The South Since World War II, University of Kentucky Press."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"Buckle, A.P., and Smith, R.H. (1994). Rodent control methods: Non-chemical and non-lethal chemical. Rodent Pests and Their Control, CAB International."},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"Goldfield, D.R. (1982). Cotton Fields and Skyscrapers. Southern City and Region, 1607\u20131980, Louisiana State University Press."},{"key":"ref_203","unstructured":"Goldfield, D.R. (1987). Promised Land. The South Since 1945, Harlan Davidson."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"Brownell, B.A., and Goldfield, D.R. (1977). The southern metropolis 1940\u20131976. The City in Southern History. The Growth of Urban Civilization in the South, Kennikat Press."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"Dos Passos, J. (Harper\u2019s Magazine, 1943). The people at war: III. Gold rush in the South, Harper\u2019s Magazine."},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"Meyer, A.E. (1943). Journey through Chaos, Harcourt, Brace, and Co."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"Anon (Time, 1944). Medicine: Typhus time, Time."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/5\/1\/37\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:03:02Z","timestamp":1760173382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/5\/1\/37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"references-count":207,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed5010037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed5010037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}}}