{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:45:12Z","timestamp":1760237112830,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDRTA1-14-1-0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDRTA1-14-1-0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006827","name":"Florida Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7ZK12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7ZK12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["734857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["734857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zika virus (ZIKV) circulates as two separate lineages, with significant genetic variability between strains. Strain-dependent activity has been reported for dengue virus, herpes simplex virus and influenza. Strain-dependent activity of subject specimens to a virus could be an impediment to serological diagnosis and vaccine development. In order to determine whether ZIKV exhibits strain-dependent activity when exposed to antibodies, we measured the neutralizing properties of polyclonal serum and three monoclonal antibodies (ZKA185, 753(3)C10, and 4G2) against three strains of ZIKV (MR\u2212766, PRVABC59, and R103454). Here, MR\u2212766 was inhibited almost 60% less by ZKA185 than PRVABC59 and R103454 (p = 0.008). ZKA185 enhanced dengue 4 infection up to 50% (p = 0.0058). PRVABC59 was not inhibited by mAb 753(3)C10 while MR\u2212766 and R103453 were inhibited up to 90% (p = 0.04 and 0.036, respectively). Patient serum, regardless of exposure history, neutralized MR\u2212766 ~30%\u221240% better than PRVABC56 or R103454 (p = 0.005\u22120.00007). The most troubling finding was the significant neutralization of MR\u2212766 by patients with no ZIKV exposure. We also evaluated ZIKV antibody cross reactivity with various flaviviruses and found that more patients developed cross-reactive antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus than the dengue viruses. The data here show that serological diagnosis of ZIKV is complicated and that qualitative neutralization assays cannot discriminate between flaviviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T13:06:23Z","timestamp":1583240783000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Strain-Dependent Activity of Zika Virus and Exposure History in Serological Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7943-7181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelli L.","family":"Barr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6641-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika R.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhani","family":"Prakoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kehkashan","family":"Imtiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiyu","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"J. Glenn","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erum","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5337-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen T.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah6187","article-title":"Diagnostics for Zika virus on the horizon","volume":"353","author":"Speer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00279-16","article-title":"Zika Virus: Diagnostics for an Emerging Pandemic Threat","volume":"54","author":"Waggoner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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