{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:17:49Z","timestamp":1778883469352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the early 20th century, a series of epidemics across equatorial Africa brought African sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis, HAT) to the attention of the European colonial administrations. This disease presented an exciting challenge for microbiologists across Europe to study the disease, discover the pathogen and search for an effective treatment. In 1923, the first \u201cremedy for tropical diseases\u201d\u2014Suramin\u2014manufactured by Bayer AG came onto the market under the brand name \u201cGermanin.\u201d The development and life cycle of this product\u2014which today is still the medicine of choice for Trypanosoma brucei (T.b), hodesiense infections\u2014reflect medical progress as well as the successes and failures in fighting the disease in the context of historic political changes over the last 100 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1583841576000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["From Colonial Research Spirit to Global Commitment: Bayer and African Sleeping Sickness in the Mirror of History"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ulrich-Dietmar","family":"Madeja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer AG Pharmaceuticals, M\u00fcllerstrasse 178, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer AG Pharmaceuticals, M\u00fcllerstrasse 178, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002772","article-title":"Sleeping Sickness Epidemics and Colonial Responses in East and Central Africa, 1900\u20131940","volume":"8","author":"Headrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. 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Africa as a Living Laboratory, University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226803487.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-3","article-title":"The history of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"1","author":"Steverding","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehlers, S. (2019). Europa und die Schlafkrankheit: Koloniale Seuchenbek\u00e4mpfung, Europ\u00e4ische Identit\u00e4ten und Moderne Medizin 1890\u20131950, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.","DOI":"10.13109\/9783666310683"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"675","article-title":"Sur une nouvelle s\u00e9rie de m\u00e9dicaments trypanocides","volume":"178","author":"Fourneau","year":"1924","journal-title":"C. R. S\u00e9ances L\u2019acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3297.413","article-title":"Synthetic therapeutic agents","volume":"1","author":"Pope","year":"1924","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"81","article-title":"Recherches de chimioth\u00e9rapie dans la s\u00e9rie du 205 Bayer: Ur\u00e9es des acides aminobenzoylaminonaphtal\u00e9niques","volume":"38","author":"Fourneau","year":"1924","journal-title":"Ann. L\u2019inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"De Raadt, P. (2020, March 09). The History of Sleeping Sickness. WHO. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/trypanosomiasis_african\/country\/history\/en."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO\/CDS\/CSR\/ISR\/2000.1 (2000). WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-Prone Infectious Diseases, World Health Organization. Chapter 8\u2014African Trypanosomiasis."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO (2006). 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