{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T07:25:05Z","timestamp":1775287505309,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To achieve global elimination of human rabies from dogs by 2030, evidence-based strategies for effective dog vaccination are needed. Current guidelines recommend inclusion of dogs younger than 3 months in mass rabies vaccination campaigns, although available vaccines are only recommended for use by manufacturers in older dogs, ostensibly due to concerns over interference of maternally-acquired immunity with immune response to the vaccine. Adverse effects of vaccination in this age group of dogs have also not been adequately assessed under field conditions. In a single-site, owner-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in puppies born to mothers vaccinated within the previous 18 months in a high-mortality population of owned, free-roaming dogs in South Africa, we assessed immunogenicity and effect on survival to all causes of mortality of a single dose of rabies vaccine administered at 6 weeks of age. We found that puppies did not have appreciable levels of maternally-derived antibodies at 6 weeks of age (geometric mean titer 0.065 IU\/mL, 95% CI 0.061\u20130.069; n = 346), and that 88% (95% CI 80.7\u201393.3) of puppies vaccinated at 6 weeks had titers \u22650.5 IU\/mL 21 days later (n = 117). Although the average effect of vaccination on survival was not statistically significant (hazard ratio [HR] 1.35, 95% CI 0.83\u20132.18), this effect was modified by sex (p = 0.02), with the HR in females 3.09 (95% CI 1.24\u20137.69) and the HR in males 0.79 (95% CI 0.41\u20131.53). We speculate that this effect is related to the observed survival advantage that females had over males in the unvaccinated group (HR 0.27; 95% CI 0.11\u20130.70), with vaccination eroding this advantage through as-yet-unknown mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T12:22:51Z","timestamp":1584015771000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Rabies Vaccination of 6-Week-Old Puppies Born to Immunized Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a High-Mortality Population of Owned, Free-Roaming Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-6120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sintayehu","family":"Arega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6108-3346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Conan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7842-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude T.","family":"Sabeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7343-8327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan E.","family":"Crafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanette","family":"Wentzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Hoheisein Wildlife Research Station, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Orpen 1364, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bjorn","family":"Reininghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mpumalanga Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8432-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Leisewitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3352-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melvyn","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Toka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darryn L.","family":"Knobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e780","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30245-5","article-title":"2016: The beginning of the end of rabies?","volume":"4","author":"Knopf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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