{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:40:34Z","timestamp":1790973634511,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Artemis One Health","award":["1-231\/123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-231\/123"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009649","name":"University of the West Indies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["190121-312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190121-312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009649","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Analysis of the temporal, seasonal and demographic distribution of dengue virus (DENV) infections in Barbados was conducted using national surveillance data from a total of 3994 confirmed dengue cases. Diagnosis was confirmed either by DENV\u2013specific real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT\u2013PCR), or non\u2013structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests; a case fatality rate of 0.4% (10\/3994) was observed. The dengue fever (DF) prevalence varied from 27.5 to 453.9 cases per 100,000 population among febrile patients who sought medical attention annually. DF cases occurred throughout the year with low level of transmission observed during the dry season (December to June), then increased transmission during rainy season (July to November) peaking in October. Three major dengue epidemics occurred in Barbados during 2010, 2013 and possibly 2016 with an emerging three\u2013year interval. DF prevalence among febrile patients who sought medical attention overall was highest among the 10\u201319 years old age group. The highest DF hospitalisation prevalence was observed in 2013. Multiple serotypes circulated during the study period and Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV\u20132) was the most prevalent serotype during 2010, whilst DENV\u20131 was the most prevalent serotype in 2013. Two DENV\u20131 strains from the 2013 DENV epidemic were genetically more closely related to South East Asian strains, than Caribbean or South American strains, and represent the first ever sequencing of DENV strains in Barbados. However, the small sample size (n = 2) limits any meaningful conclusions. DF prevalence was not significantly different between females and males. Public health planning should consider DENV inter\u2013epidemic periodicity, the current COVID\u201319 pandemic and similar clinical symptomology between DF and COVID\u201319. The implementation of routine sequencing of DENV strains to obtain critical data can aid in battling DENV epidemics in Barbados.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5020068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T03:29:39Z","timestamp":1588562979000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dengue Fever and Severe Dengue in Barbados, 2008\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3409-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirk Osmond","family":"Douglas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael BB11000, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudip Kumar","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Molengraaffsingel 10, 2629 JD Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Martina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Molengraaffsingel 10, 2629 JD Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Anfasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Diponegoro 71, Central Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Alafia","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research (CAIHR), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marquita","family":"Gittens-St. Hilaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael BB11000, Barbados"},{"name":"Best\u2013dos Santos Public Health Laboratory, Enmore Complex, Martindales Road, St. Michael BB11155, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0770","article-title":"The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas","volume":"87","author":"Dick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. 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