{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T09:14:24Z","timestamp":1788599664873,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) is recommended for high-risk groups, such as people who inject drugs (PWIDs). As part of a harm reduction program by a non-governmental organization, hepatitis B screening, vaccination and antibody (HBAb) testing after completion of the vaccination schedule were offered to PWIDS in Myanmar. We determined the proportions of HBV non-completion and sero-unprotection among PWIDs enrolled in the program and their association with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. We conducted a descriptive study based on routine program data in five selected clinics in Hpakant Township, Myanmar. PWIDs who were Hepatitis B antigen negative at screening during January 2015\u2013December 2018 were included. Among 5386 participants eligible for HBV, 9% refused vaccination. Among those who accepted vaccination (n = 3177 individuals), 65% completed vaccination. Of those tested for HBsAb (n = 2202), 30% were sero-unprotected. Young-adults (aged 18\u201344 years) and migrant workers had a higher risk of incomplete vaccination. However, participants who used methadone had a lower risk of incomplete vaccination. Migrant workers had higher risk of not returning for HBsAb testing and HIV-positive participants had a higher risk of being HBV sero-unprotected. Efforts to increase HBV vaccination in PWIDs for young adults and clients during methadone and anti-retroviral services should be prioritized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5020077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T10:53:55Z","timestamp":1589280835000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gaps in Hepatitis B Vaccination Completion and Sero-Protection for People Who Inject Drugs in Hpakant, Myanmar, 2015\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nilar","family":"Shwe Yee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asian Harm Reduction Network, Hpakant Township, Kachin State 01161, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aung","family":"Yu Naing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asian Harm Reduction Network, Hpakant Township, Kachin State 01161, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8291-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julita","family":"Gil Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Operational Research Unit, M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1354-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mrinalini","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res (MSF)\/Doctors Without Borders, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3815-7292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kapilkumar","family":"Dave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEWA Rural, Jhagadia, Bharuch district, Gujarat 393110, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). 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Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A.C.K., Vedio, A., Liu, E.Z.H., Horsley, J., Jesurasa, A., and Salway, S. (2017). Determinants of uptake of hepatitis B testing and healthcare access by migrant Chinese in the England: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4796-4"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw416","article-title":"Impact of opioid substitution therapy on antiretroviral therapy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Low","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20371","article-title":"Predictors of HAV\/HBV vaccination completion among methadone maintenance clients","volume":"33","author":"Nyamathi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/5\/2\/77\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:28:04Z","timestamp":1760174884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/5\/2\/77"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed5020077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed5020077","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]}}}