{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:26:08Z","timestamp":1789190768358,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Q fever and rickettsial diseases occur throughout the world and appear to be emergent zoonoses in Chile. The diagnosis of these diseases is currently uncommon in Chile, as their clinical presentations are non-specific and appropriate diagnostic laboratory assays are of limited availability. During a recent outbreak of undiagnosed human atypical pneumonia, we serologically investigated a series of 357 cases from three regions of southern Chile. The aim was to identify those caused by Coxiella burnetii and\/or Rickettsia spp. Serological analysis was performed by ELISA and an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for acute and convalescence sera of patients. Our results, including data from two international reference laboratories, demonstrate that 71 (20%) of the cases were Q fever, and 44 (15%) were a likely rickettsial infection, although the rickettsial species could not be confirmed by serology. This study is the first report of endemic Q fever and rickettsial disease affecting humans in Chile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5020099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T05:02:24Z","timestamp":1591938144000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evidence of Q Fever and Rickettsial Disease in Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Tapia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Sub-Department of Infectious Diseases, Department Biomedical Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5465-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Stenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Sub-Department of Infectious Diseases, Department Biomedical Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Duery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Sub-Department of Infectious Diseases, Department Biomedical Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Sub-Department of Infectious Diseases, Department Biomedical Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Fernanda","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Epidemiolog\u00eda, DIPLAS, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Santiago 8320123, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Epidemiolog\u00eda, DIPLAS, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Santiago 8320123, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEREMI de Salud Regi\u00f3n de Los Lagos, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Osorno 5290000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Epidemiolog\u00eda, DIPLAS, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Santiago 8320123, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Sub-Department of Infectious Diseases, Department Biomedical Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Hormazabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Sub-Department of Infectious Diseases, Department Biomedical Laboratory, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.1823-1834.1998","article-title":"Diagnosis of Q fever","volume":"36","author":"Fournier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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