{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:55:58Z","timestamp":1790409358263,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107753\/A\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107753\/A\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207569\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207569\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermotolerant vaccines greatly improved the reach and impact of large-scale vaccination programs to eliminate diseases such as smallpox, polio and rinderpest. A recent study demonstrated that the potency of the Nobivac\u00ae Canine Rabies vaccine was not impacted following experimental storage at 30 \u00b0C for three months. We conducted a study to develop a passive cooling device (PCD) that could store thermotolerant vaccines under fluctuating subambient temperatures. Through a participatory process with local communities in Northern Tanzania, we developed innovative PCD designs for local manufacture. A series of field experiments were then carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of five PCDs for vaccine storage under varying climatic conditions. Following iterative improvement, a final prototype \u201cZeepot Clay\u201d was developed at the cost of US$11 per unit. During a further field-testing phase over a 12-month period, the internal temperature of the device remained below 26 \u00b0C, despite ambient temperatures exceeding 42 \u00b0C. Our study thus demonstrated that locally designed PCDs have utility for storing thermotolerant rabies vaccines at subambient temperatures. These results have application for the scaling up of mass dog vaccination programs in low-and-middle income countries, particularly for hard-to-reach populations with limited access to power and cold-chain vaccine storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T09:28:57Z","timestamp":1597138137000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Controlling Human Rabies: The Development of an Effective, Inexpensive and Locally Made Passive Cooling Device for Storing Thermotolerant Animal Rabies Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1722-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Lugelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 78373 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"},{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, 3105 Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machunde","family":"Bigambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Animal Health Tanzania, 1642 Arusha, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudovick","family":"Kazwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, 3105 Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0802-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Lankester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Animal Health Tanzania, 1642 Arusha, Tanzania"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1011.040624_12","article-title":"Disparities in Infectious Diseases among Women in Developing Countries","volume":"10","author":"Rashid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp028","article-title":"Global and Regional Causes of Death","volume":"92","author":"Mathers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. Med. 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