{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:00:22Z","timestamp":1780398022128,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Nicaragua, there are ideal environmental conditions for leptospirosis. The objective of this investigation was to detect pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires in water and soil samples from leptospirosis-endemic areas in Nicaragua. Seventy-eight water and 42 soil samples were collected from houses and rivers close to confirmed human cases. Leptospira spp was isolated in Ellinghausen\u2013McCullough\u2013Johnson\u2013Harris (EMJH) culture medium with 5-fluororacil and positive samples were analyzed through PCR for the LipL32 gene, specific for pathogenic leptospires (P1 clade). There were 73 positive cultures from 120 samples, however only six of these (5% of all collected samples) were confirmed to be pathogenic, based on the presence of the LipL32 gene (P1 clade). Of these six pathogenic isolates, four were from Leon and two from Chinandega. Four pathogenic isolates were obtained from water and two from soil. This study proved the contamination of water and soil with pathogenic leptospires, which represents a potential risk for public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T10:22:23Z","timestamp":1600424543000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Detection of Pathogenic Leptospires in Water and Soil in Areas Endemic to Leptospirosis in Nicaragua"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1932-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byron","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n (CEVEDI), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Nicaragua-Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Carretera a La Ceiba 1 Km al Este, Le\u00f3n 21000, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n (CEVEDI), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Nicaragua-Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Carretera a La Ceiba 1 Km al Este, Le\u00f3n 21000, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Muzquiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Sheleby-El\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n (CEVEDI), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Nicaragua-Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Carretera a La Ceiba 1 Km al Este, Le\u00f3n 21000, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n (CEVEDI), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Nicaragua-Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Carretera a La Ceiba 1 Km al Este, Le\u00f3n 21000, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edipcia","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Health, Work and Environment (CISTA), National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Le\u00f3n 21000 (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayana","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n (CEVEDI), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Nicaragua-Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Carretera a La Ceiba 1 Km al Este, Le\u00f3n 21000, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n (CEVEDI), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Nicaragua-Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Carretera a La Ceiba 1 Km al Este, Le\u00f3n 21000, Nicaragua"},{"name":"Animal Welfare Department, School of Agricultural Sciences, Catholic University of the Dry Tropic (UCATSE), Estel\u00ed 31000, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5778-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Jir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n (CEVEDI), Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Nicaragua-Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Carretera a La Ceiba 1 Km al Este, Le\u00f3n 21000, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). 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