{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:27:11Z","timestamp":1793410031039,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch Global Emerging Infections Surveillance section (AFHSB-GEIS)","award":["ProMIS ID # C0550_12_AF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProMIS ID # C0550_12_AF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease affecting mostly the world\u2019s tropical regions. The rural people of northeastern Thailand suffer from a large number of leptospirosis infections, and their abundant rice fields are optimal rodent habitats. To evaluate the contribution of diversity and carriage rate of pathogenic Leptospira in rodent reservoirs to leptospirosis incidence, we surveyed rodents, between 2011 and 2012, in four provinces in northeastern Thailand with the highest incidence rates of human leptospirosis cases. We used lipL32 real-time PCR to detect pathogenic Leptospira in rodent kidneys, partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing to classify the infecting Leptospira species, and whole 16S rDNA sequencing to classify species of isolated Leptospira. Overall prevalence of Leptospira infection was 3.6% (18\/495). Among infected rodents, Bandicotaindica (14.3%), Rattusexulans (3.6%), and R. rattus (3.2%) had renal carriage. We identified two pathogenic Leptospira species: L. interrogans (n = 15) and L. borgpetersenii (n = 3). In addition, an L. wolffii (LS0914U) isolate was recovered from the urine of B. indica. Leptospira infection was more prevalent in low density rodent populations, such as B. indica. In contrast, there was a lower prevalence of Leptospira infection in high density rodent populations of R. exulans and R. rattus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5040154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T09:04:12Z","timestamp":1601543052000},"page":"154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Low Prevalence of Leptospira Carriage in Rodents in Leptospirosis-Endemic Northeastern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Panadda","family":"Krairojananan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6184-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janjira","family":"Thaipadungpanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surachai","family":"Leepitakrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taweesak","family":"Monkanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Wanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDCOM Headquarters, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Collective Health (ISC), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Bas\u00edlio da Gama, 316, Canela, Salvador CEP 40110-040, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Katherine","family":"Poole-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick W.","family":"McCardle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Faine, S., Adler, B., Bolin, C., and Perolat, P. 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