{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:28:20Z","timestamp":1790627300985,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined Hajj pilgrims\u2019 knowledge and reported practice of hand hygiene. In Hajj 2019, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Mina, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, of domestic Saudi pilgrims aged \u226518 years by using a self-administered Arabic questionnaire that captured data on pilgrims\u2019 socio-demographics, hand hygiene knowledge, and reported practices of hand cleaning following certain actions. A total of 348 respondents aged 18 to 63 (median 32) years completed the survey, of whom 200 (57.5%) were female. The mean (\u00b1standard deviation (SD)) hand hygiene knowledge score was 6.7 (\u00b1SD 1.9). Two hundred and seventy one (77.9%) and 286 (82.2%) of respondents correctly identified that hand hygiene can prevent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections respectively, but 146 (42%) were not aware that it prevents hand-foot-mouth disease. Eighty-eight (25.3%) respondents erroneously reported that hand hygiene prevents HIV. Washing hands with water and soap was the most preferred method practiced before a meal (67.5% (235\/348)), after a meal (80.2% (279\/348)), after toilet action (81.6% (284\/348)), when hands were visibly soiled (86.2% (300\/348)), and after waste disposal (61.5% (214\/348)). Hajj pilgrims demonstrated a good knowledge and practice of hand hygiene, but there are gaps that are vital to control outbreaks such as COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5040160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T08:56:48Z","timestamp":1602838608000},"page":"160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Practices among Domestic Hajj Pilgrims: Implications for Future Mass Gatherings Amidst COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9279-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hashim","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah 23442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amani","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 13312, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9335-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamah","family":"Barasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Executive Administration of Research and Innovation, King Abdullah Medical City in Holy Capital (KAMC-HC), Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Alemam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5227-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alhakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0241-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Gadah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6050-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadeel","family":"Alkediwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2835-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadijah","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lujain","family":"Fatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamis","family":"Dahlawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghaya Community Pharmacy, Makkah 24234, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4317-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Command and Control Centre of Infectious Diseases of Public Health Department of Ministry of Health, Taif 26521, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5203-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Shaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery &amp; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Division of Infectious Diseases and Sexual Health, Westmead Hospital and Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW 2151, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Booy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harunor","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, October 13). 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