{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:10:40Z","timestamp":1787764240650,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inappropriate antibiotic use in food-producing animals is associated with the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. In industrial broiler poultry farms in three districts of Kathmandu valley, Nepal, we assessed antibiotic use prevalence, and their classes, types, and quantities. A cross-sectional questionnaire study involving field visits to large poultry farms (flock size \u2265 3000) of the Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts was conducted. Of 30 farms (total flock size 104,200; range 3000\u20136000), prevalence of antibiotic use was 90% (95% CI: 73\u201398%). Six (22%) farms used antibiotics as prophylaxis, while 21 (78%) used it for therapeutics. Seven antibiotics from six classes (including quinolones, macrolides, and polymyxins) were used. The most commonly used antibiotics were tylosin (47%), colistin (47%), and dual therapies with neomycin and doxycycline (33%). A total of 50,000 grams of antibiotics (total weight including active and inactive ingredients) were used (0.5 grams\/chicken\/45 days of flock life) with eight (26%) farms using more than two antibiotics. No farms had records on clinical indications for prophylaxis or treatment. No post-mortem records of sick birds were available. Prevalence of antibiotic use in broiler farms of Kathmandu valley is high and includes \u201chighest priority critically important antibiotics\u201d for human use, with direct implications on public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Antibiotic Use in Broiler Poultry Farms in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal: Which Antibiotics and Why?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7599-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ananta","family":"Koirala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Post Graduate Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemant Deepak","family":"Shewade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union Against TB and Lung Disease (The Union), 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"International Union Against TB and Lung Disease (The Union), New Delhi 110016, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Antibiotics and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-17182 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badri","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Yangon 11201, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3849-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rony","family":"Zachariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3329-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surendra","family":"Karki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, August 24). 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