{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:58:16Z","timestamp":1760234296182,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the era of growing antimicrobial resistance, there is a concern about the effectiveness of first-line antibiotics such as ampicillin in children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. In this study, we describe antibiotic use and treatment outcomes among under-five children with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to a tertiary care public hospital in Nepal from 2017 to 2019. In this cross-sectional study involving secondary analysis of hospital data, there were 659 patients and 30% of them had a history of prehospital antibiotic use. Irrespective of prehospital antibiotic use, ampicillin monotherapy (70%) was the most common first-line treatment provided during hospitalization followed by ceftriaxone monotherapy (12%). The remaining children (18%) were treated with various other antibiotics alone or in combination as first-line treatment. Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as linezolid, vancomycin, and meropenem were used in less than 1% of patients. Overall, 66 (10%) children were required to switch to second-line treatment and only 7 (1%) children were required to switch to third-line treatment. Almost all (99%) children recovered without any sequelae. This study highlights the effectiveness of ampicillin monotherapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in a non-intensive care unit setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:16:02Z","timestamp":1618964162000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibiotic Use and Treatment Outcomes among Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Admitted to a Tertiary Care Public Hospital in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhishma","family":"Pokhrel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0264-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapendra","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipendra","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Emergencies Program, WHO Country Office, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, South-East Asia Office, New Delhi 110016, India"},{"name":"International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya, Mangaluru 575018, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bienvenu Salim","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central National de Formation et de Recherche en Sant\u00e9 Rurale de Maferinyah, For\u00e9cariah 4090, Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saw","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon 05081, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunil Kumar","family":"Daha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunaina","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Animesh","family":"Khulal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonu Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinky","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Technical College, Sanepa, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4366-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meeru","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shrijana","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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