{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T03:50:51Z","timestamp":1765079451908,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WHO country office Myanmar","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: In 2014, drug procurement for public hospitals in Myanmar was decentralized to a pull system. This might lead to increasing trends in the consumption of broad-spectrum and last-resort antibiotics. For fiscal years 2014-2017, we assessed annual antibiotic consumption trends and patterns in total defined daily doses (DDDs). (2) Methods: We followed World Health Organization (WHO) methodology for surveillance of antimicrobial consumption based on hospital antibiotic procurement records (as a proxy). (3) Results: In 32% of all public hospitals where data were retrieved, total antibiotic consumption reduced by 19% between 2014 (7,122,852 DDD) and 2017 (5,794,904 DDD). Consumption per 1000 inhabitants per day (&lt;200 bed hospitals) also reduced from 0.6 to 0.3. Over 60% of procurement was for beta-lactam antibiotics and quinolones; quinolones decreased over time. Consumption of first-line antibiotics increased (42% in 2014 to 54% in 2017), whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics decreased (46% in 2014 to 38% in 2017). Linezolid was the only last-resort antibiotic procured. There was a progressive reduction in per capita government current health expenditure from approximately 9.2 US$ in 2014 to 8.3 US$ in 2017. (4) Conclusions: Antibiotic consumption decreased over time in public hospitals. This first study provides a baseline for developing an antibiotic consumption surveillance system in Myanmar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:16:02Z","timestamp":1618964162000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Decreasing Trends in Antibiotic Consumption in Public Hospitals from 2014 to 2017 Following the Decentralization of Drug Procurement in Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khin Hnin","family":"Pwint","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyaw Soe","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw 15015, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Antibiotics and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8242-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemant Deepak","family":"Shewade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union Against TB and Lungs Disease (The Union), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"The Union South East Asia, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khin Thet","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hnin Aye","family":"Kyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw 15015, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sushma","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Lalitpur 44700, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Badri","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, 403 (A1), Bahan Township, Yangon 11201, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rony","family":"Zachariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Disease (TDR), 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaw Than","family":"Htun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO. 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National List of Essential Medicines, 2016, Available online: https:\/\/www.mohs.gov.mm\/page\/5491."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/6\/2\/57\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:08Z","timestamp":1760161808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/6\/2\/57"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed6020057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed6020057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2414-6366"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]}}}