{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:53:58Z","timestamp":1788328438379,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AN# 43264783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AN# 43264783"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1148763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1148763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI123422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI123422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Republic of Burundi first reported cholera cases in 1978 and outbreaks have been occurring nearly every year since then. From 2008\u20132020, 6949 cases and 43 deaths were officially reported. To evaluate Burundi\u2019s potential to eliminate cholera, we identified hotspots using cholera incidence and disease persistence as suggested by the Global Task Force for Cholera Control. The mean annual incidence for each district that reported cholera ranged from 0.29 to 563.14 cases per 100,000 population per year from 2014\u20132020. Ten of 12 Health Districts which recorded cholera cases reported a mean annual incidence \u22655 per 100,000 for this time period. Cholera cases occur during the second half of the year in the areas near Lake Tanganyika and along the Ruzizi River, with the highest risk district being Bujumbura Centre. Additional research is needed to understand the role of Lake Tanganyika; risks associated with fishing; migration patterns; and other factors that may explain cholera\u2019s seasonality. Due to the consistent epidemiological pattern and the relatively small area affected by cholera, control and elimination are feasible with an integrated program of campaigns using oral cholera vaccine over the short term and community-based interventions including WASH activities for sustained control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T22:53:40Z","timestamp":1620773620000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cholera Hot-Spots and Contextual Factors in Burundi, Planning for Elimination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Amanda K.","family":"Debes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison M.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaddee","family":"Ndikumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health, Rue Pierre Ngendandumwe, Bujumbura B.P. 1650, Burundi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4218-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iteka","family":"Liesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health, Rue Pierre Ngendandumwe, Bujumbura B.P. 1650, Burundi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Ribaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF Burundi Country Office, Bujumbura B.P. 1650, Burundi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Djumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF Burundi Country Office, Bujumbura B.P. 1650, Burundi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9338-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Information WWC (2021, March 18). 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