{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:59:27Z","timestamp":1791971967669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU1ROT00003-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU1ROT00003-01-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005663","name":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU1ROT00003-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU1ROT00003-01-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From 2019\u20132020, the Virgin Islands Department of Health (VIDOH) investigated potential animal reservoirs of Leptospira spp., the pathogenic bacteria that cause leptospirosis. We examined Leptospira exposure and carriage in livestock on the island of St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands (USVI). We utilized the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to evaluate the sera, and the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), and bacterial culture to evaluate urine specimens from livestock (n = 126): 28 cattle, 19 goats, 46 pigs, and 33 sheep. Seropositivity was 37.6% (47\/125) with agglutinating antibodies to the following serogroups identified: Australis, Djasiman, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Ballum, Sejroe, Cynopteri, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, and Pyrogenes. Urine from 4 animals (4.0%, 4\/101) was positive by rt-PCR for lipL32: 2 sheep, 1 goat, and 1 bull. Sequencing of secY amplicons identified L. interrogans in 1 sheep and 1 bull. Livestock in USVI harbor pathogenic Leptospira bacteria and could play a role in the zoonotic cycle of leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T02:32:43Z","timestamp":1621823563000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exposure and Carriage of Pathogenic Leptospira in Livestock in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9502-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Cranford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Virgin Islands, Christiansted, VI 00820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-7119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marissa","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Virgin Islands, Christiansted, VI 00820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0532-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Springer","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Virgin Islands, Christiansted, VI 00820, USA"},{"name":"Domestic Animal Health Analytics Team, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Colins, CO 80526, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Animal Health <i>Leptospira<\/i> Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Animal Health <i>Leptospira<\/i> Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Hamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Animal Health <i>Leptospira<\/i> Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Hornsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Animal Health <i>Leptospira<\/i> Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"LeCount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Animal Health <i>Leptospira<\/i> Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Schlater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Animal Health <i>Leptospira<\/i> Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tod","family":"Stuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Animal Health <i>Leptospira<\/i> Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"De Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Virgin Islands, Christiansted, VI 00820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valicia J.","family":"Burke-France","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Virgin Islands, Christiansted, VI 00820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9794-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther M.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Virgin Islands, Christiansted, VI 00820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarlath E.","family":"Nally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Animal Health <i>Leptospira<\/i> Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, Christiansted, VI 00820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, F., Hagan, J.E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M.S., Stein, C., Abela-Ridder, B., and Ko, A.I. 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