{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T11:45:58Z","timestamp":1793965558607,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected rodent-borne zoonotic virus distributed worldwide. Since serologic assays are limited to several laboratories, the disease has been underreported, often making it difficult to determine incidence and seroprevalence rates. Although human clinical cases are rarely recorded, LCMV remains an important cause of meningitis in humans. In addition, a fatal donor-derived LCMV infection in several clusters of solid organ transplant recipients further highlighted a pathogenic potential and clinical significance of this virus. In the transplant populations, abnormalities of the central nervous system were also found, but were overshadowed by the systemic illness resembling the Lassa hemorrhagic fever. LCMV is also an emerging fetal teratogen. Hydrocephalus, periventricular calcifications and chorioretinitis are the predominant characteristics of congenital LCMV infection, occurring in 87.5% of cases. Mortality in congenitally infected children is about 35%, while 70% of them show long-term neurologic sequelae. Clinicians should be aware of the risks posed by LCMV and should consider the virus in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis, especially in patients who reported contact with rodents. Furthermore, LCMV should be considered in infants and children with unexplained hydrocephalus, intracerebral calcifications and chorioretinitis. Despite intensive interdisciplinary research efforts, efficient antiviral therapy for LCMV infection is still not available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T22:02:23Z","timestamp":1621980143000},"page":"88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis\u2014Emerging Trends of a Neglected Virus: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1877-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Vilibic-Cavlek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Virology and Serology, Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Ferenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6270-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mrzljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljubo","family":"Barbic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Bogdanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9572-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Tabain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Ferencak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-5806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snjezana","family":"Zidovec-Lepej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1126\/science.81.2099.298","article-title":"A filterable virus recovered from white mice","volume":"81","author":"Traub","year":"1935","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(60)90029-2","article-title":"Central nervous system syndromes of \u201cviral\u201d etiology. A study of 713 cases","volume":"29","author":"Meyer","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1107638","article-title":"Syrische goldhamster als ubertr\u00e4ger von lymphozyt\u00e4rer choriomeningitis","volume":"97","author":"Ackermann","year":"1972","journal-title":"Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"549","article-title":"Recent outbreaks of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in the United States of America","volume":"52","author":"Gregg","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2021, April 10). Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCM), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/lcm\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in Southern Iraq","volume":"6","author":"Barakat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24966","article-title":"Seroprevalence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Ljungan virus in Finnish patients with suspected neurological infections","volume":"90","author":"Fevola","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(55)91066-7","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in the newborn; Probable transplacental infection","volume":"268","author":"Komrower","year":"1955","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1107814","article-title":"Pr\u00e4natale infektion mit dem virus der lymphozyt\u00e4ren choriomeningitis: Bericht \u00fcber zwei f\u00e4lle","volume":"99","author":"Ackermann","year":"1974","journal-title":"Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01638922","article-title":"Hydrocephalus due to prenatal infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"4","author":"Sheinbergas","year":"1976","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Infection transplacentaire par le virus de la choriom\u00e9ningite lymphocytaire. R\u00e9sultats d\u2019une enqu\u00eate s\u00e9rologique r\u00e9trospective en France","volume":"7","author":"Chastel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nouvelle Presse Medicale"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199306000-00013","article-title":"Hydrocephalus complicating lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Larsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.1.e9","article-title":"Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus syndrome: A disease that mimics congenital toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"100","author":"Wright","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005). Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in organ transplant recipients-Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 2005. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 54, 537\u2013539."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1808.120212","article-title":"Solid organ transplant-associated lymphocytic choriomeningitis, United States, 2011","volume":"18","author":"MacNeil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorgensen, J.H., Phaller, M.A., Carroll, K.C., Landry, M.L., Funke, G., Richter, S.S., and Warnock, D.W. (2015). Arenaviruses and Filoviruses. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, ASM Press. [11th ed.].","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60197-2","article-title":"The virology and immunobiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Buchmeier","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"185","article-title":"Genomic analysis and pathogenic characteristics of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains isolated in Japan","volume":"62","author":"Takagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.16-0097","article-title":"Difference of two new LCMV strains in lethality and viral genome load in tissues","volume":"66","author":"Takagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83464-0","article-title":"Genomic and biological characterization of aggressive and docile strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus rescued from a plasmid-based reverse-genetics system","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2013_02_160","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Invisible but not innocent","volume":"57","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1173","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a hamster colony causes infection of hospital personnel","volume":"185","author":"Hotchin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1107638","article-title":"Syrische hamster als unbertrager von lymphozytarer chorio-meningitis","volume":"97","author":"Ackermann","year":"1972","journal-title":"Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1441","article-title":"Pathology and immunohistochemistry of callitrichid hepatitis, an emerging disease of captive New World primates caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"147","author":"Montali","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-39-4-675","article-title":"Aseptic meningitis, a disease of diverse etiology: Clinical and etiologic studies on 854 cases","volume":"39","author":"Adair","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.201792","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections and seroprevalence, Southern Iraq","volume":"26","author":"Alburkat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10389","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in a province of Spain: Analysis of sera from the general population and wild rodents","volume":"70","author":"Saz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20357","article-title":"Serological study of the lymphochoriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in an inner city of Argentina","volume":"76","author":"Riera","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805005431","article-title":"Hantavirus and arenavirus antibody prevalence in rodents and humans in Trentino, Northern Italy","volume":"134","author":"Laakkonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1603","article-title":"Rodents and risk in the Mekong delta of Vietnam: Seroprevalence of selected zoonotic viruses in rodents and humans","volume":"15","author":"Be","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"53","article-title":"Ecological and epidemiological features of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus activity in Argentina","volume":"12","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890380107","article-title":"Prevalence of serum antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in selected populations from two, U.S. cities","volume":"38","author":"Stephensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.47","article-title":"Seroprevalence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in Nova Scotia","volume":"58","author":"Marrie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.105","article-title":"Identification of potential novel hosts and the risk of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in humans in Gabon, Central Africa","volume":"105","author":"Ushijima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Oreski, T., Korva, M., Kolaric, B., Stevanovic, V., Zidovec-Lepej, S., Tabain, I., Jelicic, P., Miklausic-Pavic, B., and Savic, V. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in continental Croatian regions. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020067"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01081.x","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in blood donors in Southeastern France","volume":"47","author":"Fulhorst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.101349","article-title":"Exposure to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, New York, USA","volume":"17","author":"Knust","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"404","article-title":"Screening for antibodies against zoonotic agents among employees of the Zoological garden of Vienna, Sch\u00f6nbrunn, Austria","volume":"117","author":"Prosl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1335-4","article-title":"Emerging rodent-borne viral zoonoses in Trento, Italy","volume":"15","author":"Tagliapietra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.130860","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in employees and mice at multipremises feeder-rodent operation, United States, 2012","volume":"20","author":"Knust","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9638","article-title":"Identification of MaTu-MX agent as a new strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and serological indication of horizontal spread of LCMV in human population","volume":"257","author":"Reiserova","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20749","article-title":"High prevalence of antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in a murine typhus endemic region in Croatia","volume":"78","author":"Dobec","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Barbic, L., Mrzljak, A., Brnic, D., Klobucar, A., Ilic, M., Janev-Holcer, N., Bogdanic, M., Jemersic, L., and Stevanovic, V. (2021). Emerging and neglected viruses of zoonotic importance in Croatia. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010073"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb03342.x","article-title":"Seroepidemiological survey of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in wild house mice in China with particular reference to their subspecies","volume":"40","author":"Morita","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"198","article-title":"The role of rodents as carriers of disease on UK farms: A preliminary investigation","volume":"Volume 432","author":"Stuart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 8th European Vertebrate Pest Management Conference"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.01524","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in wild rodents, Northern Italy","volume":"15","author":"Tagliapietra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.3.672","article-title":"Serological survey for viral pathogens in Turkish rodents","volume":"42","author":"Laakkonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"75","article-title":"First evidence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (Arenavirus) infection in Mus musculus rodents captured in the urban area of the municipality of Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia","volume":"37","author":"Castellar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0798-1","article-title":"The impact of illegal waste sites on a transmission of zoonotic viruses","volume":"14","author":"Duh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1607.091902","article-title":"High diversity and ancient common ancestry of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"16","author":"Palacios","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.11.023","article-title":"Identification of lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus in house mouse (Mus musculus, Rodentia) in French Guiana","volume":"37","author":"Lavergne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0892","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from rodents in southwestern France","volume":"12","author":"Yama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12946","article-title":"Isolation and genomic characterization of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in ticks from northeastern China","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiss, C.S. (2016). The arenaviruses. Neurotropic Viral Infections, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33133-1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa053240","article-title":"LCMV in transplant recipients investigation team. Transmission of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus by organ transplantation","volume":"354","author":"Fischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073785","article-title":"A new arenavirus in a cluster of fatal transplant-associated diseases","volume":"358","author":"Palacios","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008). Brief report: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus transmitted through solid organ transplantation\u2014Massachusetts, 2008. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 57, 799\u2013801."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"249","article-title":"Notes from the field: A cluster of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections transmitted through organ transplantation\u2014Iowa, 2013","volume":"63","author":"Schafer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12707","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12707","article-title":"High clinical suspicion of donor-derived disease leads to timely recognition and early intervention to treat solid organ transplant-transmitted lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"19","author":"Mathur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6618","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.13.6618-6635.2002","article-title":"Critical role for glial cells in the propagation and spread of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the developing rat brain","volume":"76","author":"Bonthius","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2012.02.002","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An underrecognized cause of neurologic disease in the fetus, child, and adult","volume":"19","author":"Bonthius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110911","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis with severe manifestations, Missouri, USA","volume":"17","author":"Folk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13576","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13576","article-title":"Arenaviruses and west Nile virus in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice","volume":"33","author":"Anesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13013","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13013","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus meningoencephalitis in a renal transplant recipient following exposure to mice","volume":"20","author":"Tanveer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1086\/321897","article-title":"Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: Decade of rediscovery","volume":"33","author":"Barton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.11.040","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An emerging obstetric pathogen?","volume":"194","author":"Jamieson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813486295","article-title":"Sessions. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: When to consider the diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199907000-00020","article-title":"Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: An underdiagnosed disease","volume":"18","author":"Enders","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.31.2.837-838.1981","article-title":"Serological diagnosis in children infected prenatally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"31","author":"Sheinbergas","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00563-8","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus chorioretinitis mimicking ocular toxoplasmosis in two otherwise normal children","volume":"130","author":"Thulliez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00570-5","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An underdiagnosed cause of congenital chorioretinitis","volume":"130","author":"Mets","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.170775","article-title":"Microcephaly caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"23","author":"Delaine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0104.950410","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An unrecognized teratogenic pathogen","volume":"1","author":"Barton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170290106019","article-title":"Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection","volume":"150","author":"Barton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150682027","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: A new addition to the TORCH evaluation","volume":"115","author":"Bechtel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.126297","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Emerging fetal teratogen","volume":"187","author":"Barton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000101782.55760.3c","article-title":"Your diagnosis, please. Neonate with hydrocephalus","volume":"22","author":"Greenhow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000219409.57917.35","article-title":"Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An underdiagnosed cause of neonatal hydrocephalus","volume":"25","author":"Schulte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.09.009","article-title":"Aicardi-like chorioretinitis and maldevelopment of the corpus callosum in congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21161","article-title":"Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: Spectrum of disease","volume":"62","author":"Bonthius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pit047","article-title":"A newborn with hydrops, hydrocephalus, and ophthalmologic abnormalities","volume":"2","author":"Hunstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2240","article-title":"A case of congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection revealed by hydrops fetalis","volume":"29","author":"Meritet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.08.011","article-title":"Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus\u2014An underdiagnosed fetal teratogen","volume":"22","author":"Kinori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53488-0.00033-X","article-title":"Diseases of the central nervous system caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and other arenaviruses","volume":"Volume 123","author":"Tselis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.06.018","article-title":"Analytical validation of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus real-time RT-PCR assay","volume":"177","author":"Cordey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.57.357","article-title":"Detection of the antibody to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in sera of laboratory rodents infected with viruses of laboratory and newly isolated strains by ELISA using purified recombinant nucleoprotein","volume":"57","author":"Takimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2016_02_143","article-title":"Development and application of ELISA for the detection of IgG antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"60","author":"Rosocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2018.05.008","article-title":"Use of ribavirin in viruses other than hepatitis C. A review of the evidence","volume":"37","author":"Membrillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111313","article-title":"An update review of emerging small-molecule therapeutic options for COVID-19","volume":"137","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy159","article-title":"Effective treatment of experimental lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: Consideration of Favipiravir for use with infected organ transplant recipients","volume":"218","author":"Hickerson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632677","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.632677","article-title":"An update on antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2: How far have we come?","volume":"12","author":"Indari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"e01146","article-title":"Inhibition of arenaviruses by combinations of orally available approved drugs","volume":"65","author":"Herring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, W., Zhu, S., Li, S., Shang, W., Zhang, R., Li, H., Liu, W., Xiao, G., Peng, K., and Zhang, L. (2020). High-throughput screening of an FDA-approved drug library identifies inhibitors against arenaviruses and SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00486"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104558","article-title":"The ReFRAME library as a comprehensive drug repurposing library to identify mammarenavirus inhibitors","volume":"169","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11763","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201916321","article-title":"Landornamides: Antiviral ornithine-containing ribosomal peptides discovered through genome mining","volume":"59","author":"Borsa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4396","article-title":"Human-monoclonal-antibody therapy protects nonhuman primates against advanced Lassa fever","volume":"23","author":"Mire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11544","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11544","article-title":"Most neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies target novel epitopes requiring both Lassa virus glycoprotein subunits","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.07.003","article-title":"Antibody therapy for Lassa fever","volume":"37","author":"Cross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.3390\/v4112650","article-title":"Role of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in understanding viral immunology: Past, present and future","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Hakeem, M.S. (2019). Viruses teaching immunology: Role of LCMV model and human viral infections in immunological discoveries. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020106"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/cpim.99","article-title":"Interrogating adaptive immunity using LCMV","volume":"130","author":"Dangi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suprunenko, T., and Hofer, M.J. (2019). Complexities of type I interferon biology: Lessons from LCMV. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020172"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S.R., Ashhurst, T.M., West, P.K., Viengkhou, B., King, N.J.C., Campbell, I.L., and Hofer, M.J. (2020). Contribution of STAT1 to innate and adaptive immunity during type I interferon-mediated lethal virus infection. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008525"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.10.003","article-title":"Virus-induced natural killer cell lysis of T cell subsets","volume":"539","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913776117","article-title":"Chronic virus infection drives CD8 T cell-mediated thymic destruction and impaired negative selection","volume":"117","author":"Elsaesser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15309-6","article-title":"Rapid expansion of Treg cells protects from collateral colitis following a viral trigger","volume":"23","author":"Schorer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.10.014","article-title":"Type I interferon signaling disrupts the hepatic urea cycle and alters systemic metabolism to suppress T cell function","volume":"51","author":"Lercher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoycheva, D., Sandu, I., Gr\u00e4bnitz, F., Amorim, A., Borsa, M., Weber, S., Becher, B., and Oxenius, A. (2021). Non-neutralizing antibodies protect against chronic LCMV infection by promoting infection of inflammatory monocytes in mice. Eur. J. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202049068"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.01.047","article-title":"Recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-based vaccine vector protects type I interferon receptor deficient mice from viral challenge","volume":"39","author":"Krolik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809960","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1809960","article-title":"Live-attenuated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-based vaccines for active immunotherapy of HPV16-positive cancer","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/6\/2\/88\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:07:42Z","timestamp":1760162862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/6\/2\/88"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed6020088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed6020088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]}}}